A new study published in the International Journal of Project Management sheds light on how grid-connected solar photovoltaic projects can drive sustainability transitions in electricity systems. The research, titled "Systems Integration for Sustainability Transitions: The Case of Grid-Connected Solar Photovoltaic Projects in Bangladesh," examines nine such projects and highlights the pivotal role of a Lead Systems Integrator.

Understanding the Research Context in Bangladesh's Energy Landscape

Bangladesh faces rising electricity demand amid efforts to shift from fossil fuels toward renewables. Grid-connected solar PV capacity has grown significantly, reaching hundreds of megawatts in recent years with further expansion underway. Government targets include increasing the renewable energy share to 20 percent by 2030 and 30 percent by 2040. Recent developments, such as the 75 MW Sonagazi plant supported by international financing, illustrate ongoing progress in integrating variable renewable energy into the national grid.

The study focuses on the challenges of embedding these projects into an incumbent electricity system dominated by conventional sources. It draws on the multi-level perspective from transition studies, where niche innovations like solar PV interact with regime actors and landscape pressures to reconfigure sociotechnical systems.

Core Concepts: Lead Systems Integrator and Systems Integration

At the heart of the analysis is the concept of a Lead Systems Integrator, or LSI, situated within the owner-operator domain. In this case, the Power Division of the Government of Bangladesh serves as the LSI. Systems integration here extends beyond technical assembly to encompass technological, actor, and institutional dimensions of the electricity system.

The researchers define two interconnected processes: alteration and alignment. Alteration processes modify existing structures to enable new projects, while alignment processes ensure stable and reliable operation. Balancing these creates pathways for sustainability transitions without compromising system reliability.

Methodology and Case Study Details

The authors employed a multiple-case study approach, analyzing nine grid-connected solar PV projects across Bangladesh. Data collection involved interviews, project documents, and observations of integration activities over project lifecycles. This qualitative strategy allowed identification of recurring patterns in how the LSI coordinates diverse stakeholders, from project developers to transmission operators.

Findings reveal that successful integration requires ongoing adaptation. For instance, early projects highlighted needs for updated grid codes and training programs, prompting institutional changes that benefited subsequent initiatives.

Key Findings on Alteration Processes

Alteration processes involve deliberate changes to the incumbent system. Technologically, this includes upgrades to grid infrastructure for better handling of variable solar output. On the actor side, new collaborations emerge between government agencies, private developers, and international partners. Institutionally, regulatory frameworks evolve to support project approvals and financing mechanisms.

The study shows these alterations create enabling conditions for scaling solar PV. Without them, individual projects risk remaining isolated experiments rather than contributors to systemic change.

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Alignment Processes for Reliable Integration

Alignment ensures that new projects fit seamlessly into daily operations. This involves technical synchronization, such as forecasting tools for solar generation, and organizational coordination to maintain grid stability. The LSI plays a central role in mediating between innovation-driven niche actors and stability-focused regime actors.

Examples from the cases demonstrate how alignment mitigates risks like intermittency through battery storage pilots and demand management strategies. These steps support sustained performance while building confidence among operators.

The SIST Framework and Its Implications

The paper proposes the Systems Integration for Sustainability Transition, or SIST, framework. It illustrates how LSIs must dynamically balance alteration for change with alignment for stability. This dual focus reconfigures electricity systems toward lower emissions while preserving reliability.

The framework contributes to both project management literature and sustainability transition studies by emphasizing owner-operator agency in project organizing. It offers a process-oriented view applicable beyond Bangladesh to other emerging economies pursuing renewable integration.

Broader Impacts on Project Management and Energy Policy

Findings underscore the importance of viewing projects not as standalone efforts but as components of larger system reconfiguration. For academics and practitioners, this suggests training programs that combine technical systems integration skills with transition management competencies.

Policy implications include strengthening LSI capacities through dedicated units or mandates. International comparisons, such as similar efforts in other South Asian nations, could further validate the framework.

Challenges Identified and Potential Solutions

The research notes tensions when regime actors prioritize stability, potentially slowing alteration. Solutions involve iterative learning loops where project experiences inform policy adjustments. Stakeholder perspectives from developers highlight needs for clearer incentives and risk-sharing mechanisms.

Future projects may benefit from enhanced digital tools for real-time integration monitoring and cross-sector partnerships involving finance and technology providers.

Future Outlook for Solar Integration in Bangladesh and Beyond

With solar PV capacity forecasts reaching several gigawatts in the coming decade, the SIST framework provides actionable insights for scaling. Continued focus on LSI functions could accelerate progress toward national targets while informing global discussions on just energy transitions.

Academics in project management and sustainability fields will find rich material for further empirical studies and theoretical refinement.

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Accessing the Original Publication

The full study is available at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0263786326000761. It is authored by Shah Abdul Saadi and Andrew Davies.