Brazilian researcher Mariene Ramos has shed new light on a persistent issue in the country's labor market: single mothers, or "mães solo," earn nearly 40% less than married fathers, highlighting deep-rooted gender and family structure inequalities. Drawing from her master's research in public policies at the Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (IPEA), Ramos analyzed data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE)'s Continuous National Household Sample Survey (PNAD Contínua) for 2022. This revelation comes at a time when women head 52% of Brazilian households, with 92% of single-parent families led by mothers, totaling over 10.9 million single mothers responsible for their homes—a population size comparable to Portugal.

The study underscores not just wage disparities but a broader precarity: lower employment rates, limited social security coverage, and confinement to low-paying sectors. For single mothers pursuing or working in higher education, these challenges amplify barriers to career advancement, prompting calls for targeted university policies and national reforms.

Mariene Ramos, 36, grew up in rural Tocantins before moving to the outskirts of Brasília, where her mother—a low-wage domestic worker—cared for neighbors' children, many of whom were single mothers facing similar struggles. This firsthand exposure inspired Ramos's academic journey. After becoming a single mother herself, she pursued a master's in public policies and development at IPEA, co-supervised by economists Carlos Corseuil and Marcos Hecksher. Her dissertation paints a comprehensive portrait of single mothers as household heads raising children without a partner, using rigorous econometric analysis of PNAD data.

Ramos's work bridges personal narrative and policy analysis, emphasizing that "mães solo não sofrem penalidade apenas no rendimento, elas sofrem também na questão da precariedade do trabalho." Her research fills a critical gap, as studies on this demographic remain scarce in Brazil despite their growing prevalence.

The headline figure: single mothers' average monthly earnings stood at R$2,322 in 2022, nearly 40% below married fathers' R$3,869 and 11.5% under married mothers' average (which includes spousal income in household calculations). This wage penalty persists even after controlling for factors like education and experience, pointing to discrimination where employers assume lower availability and productivity.

• Employment rate: 50.2% for single mothers vs. 81% for married fathers and 53.2% for married mothers.
• Social security contributions: Just 28.3%, compared to 54.8% for married fathers—threatening long-term retirement security.
• Sector concentration: 21.9% in domestic services (27 times higher than married fathers' 0.8%).

These metrics reveal a cycle of vulnerability, with single mothers overrepresented in informal, low-remuneration roles.

Educational attainment exacerbates the gap: 55% of single mothers have at most incomplete high school, with only 13.7% holding higher education degrees—lower than childless women (22.1%) or married mothers (19.9%). Racial disparities compound this: 62% are Black (14% Black, 47% Brown), facing intersecting biases in hiring and pay.

Many (33.5%) live in multigenerational "sandwich generation" households with elderly relatives, juggling childcare and eldercare in a triple burden. Women overall work 58.1 hours weekly (including 21.3 unpaid domestic hours), versus men's 50.3.

In higher education contexts, these patterns mirror challenges for female faculty and students. Brazilian universities report women as 59% of graduate students but only 47.5% of professors, with motherhood often cited as a career inflection point.

Photo by Samuel Costa Melo on Unsplash

Brazil's overall gender wage gap is 22% (women earn R$2,697 vs. men's R$3,459 monthly, Q3 2024), widening to R$2,899 for higher-educated women and stark for Black women (non-Black men earn 115% more). From 1995-2021, the gap narrowed from 27% to 9% due to women's educational gains, but unexplained factors (discrimination) persist at 30-40%. Motherhood amplifies this by 10-20%, per IDB analysis.

Single mothers' plight reflects structural issues: 37% earn minimum wage or less, overrepresented in the bottom 10% earners. Unemployment hits 7.7% for women (9.3% Black women) vs. 5.3% men.

Insufficient childcare is central: only 41.2% of children under 3 attend creches (daycare), leaving 2.3 million out—worse for poorest (30.6% vs. richest 60%). Brazil's PNE targets 50% coverage unmet, with regional gaps (São Paulo 56.8%, Amapá 9.7%). Ramos advocates creche expansion for economic gains, as "when the market and policies adjust, the whole economy wins."

Some Brazilian universities offer creches and stipends for single mother students/faculty, aiding retention. For instance, select institutions provide monthly childcare benefits.

Brazilian higher education institutions lead research on these issues. USP's Made-USP Center analyzes macro-inequalities via PNAD; FGV studies motherhood penalties (e.g., R$2,105 average for single mothers, 39% less); Unicamp examines gender in academic careers, where women dominate grad school but lag in professorships and pay.

Graduate programs in psychology show gender productivity gaps moderated by program rating. These efforts inform policy, positioning universities as hubs for equity solutions.

Female academics, often single mothers, face amplified penalties: lower promotions, salaries 12-20% below men despite majority PhDs. Pandemic studies reveal parenthood widened productivity gaps, hitting mothers hardest. Universities like USP and Unicamp map trajectories, urging maternity support, flexible hours, and creches.

Student single mothers struggle with retention; policies like priority aid exist but vary.Scholarships and career resources can bridge gaps.

Photo by Nayani Teixeira on Unsplash

Ramos calls for qualification programs, anti-discrimination measures, and creche universality. IMF suggests childcare expansion, transfer recalibration, wage transparency to boost female participation. Universities can lead with on-campus childcare, parental leave extensions, and mentorship for single mother faculty/students.

• Expand creches equitably (target poorest quintiles).
• Recognize unpaid care in pensions/social security.
• Promote STEM/leadership training for single mothers.
• Corporate/university quotas for hiring/promotions.

57% of single mothers rely on state benefits; investing in work integration yields dividends.Higher ed jobs offer stable paths forward.

With single motherhood a "structural transformation," Brazil's economy risks stagnation without action. Ramos envisions policies enabling self-sufficiency: "Precisamos inseri-las no mercado de trabalho, não de forma assistencialista, mas para que elas consigam viver do seu próprio trabalho." Higher education must pioneer inclusive models, from faculty retention to student success programs.

For single mothers eyeing academia, resources abound: Rate My Professor for guidance, university jobs, and career advice. Brazil's research ecosystem, led by institutions like IPEA, USP, and FGV, positions the nation for progress.Faculty positions welcome diverse talents.

Optimism lies in trends: narrowing overall gaps via education. Sustained investment promises a more equitable future.Read Ramos's full BBC profile. DIESESE Women 2025 Report (PDF).