What is CZTSSe in solar cells?

CZTSSe, or Cu 2 ZnSn(S,Se) 4 , is a kesterite thin-film absorber made from abundant elements, offering a sustainable alternative to perovskites and CIGS.

How did CAS IOP achieve the efficiency record?

Using Na-Li kinetic competition to control phase segregation during selenization, improving film quality and reducing recombination for 14.5% PCE (certified 14.2%).

Why are flexible solar cells important?

They enable lightweight applications like wearables, drones, and BIPV, with low weight (<5 kg/m²) and bendability for curved surfaces.

What challenges do kesterite cells face?

Phase segregation, deep defects, and Voc deficits historically capped efficiency at ~13%; this work addresses via alkali regulation.

Is the Nature Energy paper open access?

Access the DOI for abstract; full text via institutions.

How does this compare to perovskites?

Lower PCE (14% vs 25%+) but superior stability, no toxicity, earth-abundant—ideal for mass production.

What are module efficiencies?

Shingled flexible modules: 12.7% champion, 12.0% certified—scalable for commercial wafers.

CAS IOP's role in China PV research?

Leads thin-film innovation; trains via UCAS; multiple NREL records fuel industry.

Future outlook for commercialization?

Pilot lines by 2027; targets 20% PCE; aligns with China's 2060 carbon goals.

Career opportunities in China solar research?

High demand at CAS, Tsinghua; roles in materials, PV engineering. Check research positions .

Environmental benefits of CZTSSe?

Low carbon footprint, recyclable, no rare/toxic metals—supports circular economy.

Flexible Solar Cells Record: CAS IOP Nature Energy Milestone

Q: What challenges do kesterite cells face?

Phase segregation, deep defects, and Voc deficits historically capped efficiency at ~13%; this work addresses via alkali regulation.

Q: Is the Nature Energy paper open access?

Access the DOI for abstract; full text via institutions.

Q: How does this compare to perovskites?

Lower PCE (14% vs 25%+) but superior stability, no toxicity, earth-abundant—ideal for mass production.

Q: What are module efficiencies?

Shingled flexible modules: 12.7% champion, 12.0% certified—scalable for commercial wafers.

Q: CAS IOP's role in China PV research?

Leads thin-film innovation; trains via UCAS; multiple NREL records fuel industry.

Q: Future outlook for commercialization?

Pilot lines by 2027; targets 20% PCE; aligns with China's 2060 carbon goals.

Q: Career opportunities in China solar research?

High demand at CAS, Tsinghua; roles in materials, PV engineering. Check research positions .

People walk along a rocky shore under a structure — Photo by Infinara on Unsplash

🔬 A Groundbreaking Leap in Flexible Photovoltaics

Researchers at the Institute of Physics (IOP) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) have shattered previous benchmarks in flexible solar cell technology. Their latest innovation, detailed in a March 2026 Nature Energy paper, delivers a certified power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 14.2 percent for flexible Cu₂ZnSn(S,Se)₄ (CZTSSe) solar cells—the highest ever recorded for this material class on flexible substrates. This achievement not only outpaces prior flexible kesterite devices but also eclipses some rigid counterparts, signaling a pivotal moment for lightweight, bendable solar solutions.

The team, led by experts including Yanhong Luo and Qingbo Meng, introduced a novel "kinetic competition control" strategy using alkali metals sodium (Na) and lithium (Li). This method tames the chaotic phase segregation during crystal growth, yielding superior film quality and device performance. For context, shingled flexible modules from the same process hit 12.0 percent certified PCE, topping Japan's long-held Solar Frontier record.

Flexible CZTSSe solar cell prototype from CAS IOP showcasing bendability and high efficiency

Certified by independent labs and listed in Solar Cell Efficiency Tables (Version 66), these results underscore CAS IOP's relentless push toward practical, scalable thin-film photovoltaics (PV).

Unpacking Kesterite: The Earth-Abundant Solar Champion

Kesterite solar cells, based on CZTSSe—a quaternary semiconductor composed of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), tin (Sn), sulfur (S), and selenium (Se)—stand out for their sustainability. Unlike perovskites plagued by lead toxicity or CIGS reliant on scarce indium and gallium, CZTSSe draws from abundant, non-toxic elements, aligning perfectly with global green energy mandates.

The material's direct bandgap (around 1.0-1.5 eV) and high absorption coefficient (>10⁴ cm^-1) enable thin absorber layers (1-2 micrometers), ideal for flexibility. Development began in the early 2010s, with lab efficiencies stagnating at 12-13 percent overseas due to deep defects and band tail states. CAS IOP's team has iteratively climbed: 13 percent (2021), 14 percent (2022), 15 percent rigid (2024), and now 14.2 percent flexible—marking 10 entries on NREL's Best Research-Cell Efficiency Chart.

The Persistent Hurdles in Flexible Thin-Film Solar Development

Flexible PV promises integration into wearables, drones, curved building facades, and portable gadgets, but low-temperature processing (<500°C) on plastic substrates like polyimide challenges crystal quality. In CZTSSe, selenization—a vapor transport reaction converting metallic precursors—triggers multiphase competition: desired kesterite jostles with Cu_2-xSe, ZnSe, SnSe, and voids.

Sodium (Na), traditionally from Mo:Na back contacts, boosts grain growth but enriches Se, spawning SnSe_x segregation that spikes recombination losses (Voc deficit ~0.6 V). Prior efforts yielded <10 percent flexible efficiencies; commercialization lagged as modules hovered below 10 percent.

CAS IOP's Kinetic Competition Mastery

The breakthrough hinges on dissecting alkali-metal dynamics. Na accelerates nucleation and morphology refinement via lowered surface energy. Yet, excess Se from Na-Se affinity fosters SnSe_x, per Gibbs free-energy calculations. Enter Li: lighter and more diffusive, it stabilizes Cu_xSe, scavenging Se and tilting kinetics toward orderly kesterite dominance.

Step-by-step: Precursors (Cu/Zn/Sn stacked) undergo low-T annealing for Li infusion, then Na-controlled selenization (520°C, 20 min). Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) and synchrotron X-ray reveal uniform potential gradients, minimal SnSe. Transient photovoltage (TPV) confirms halved recombination velocity.

Li reshapes phase free-energy landscape, favoring Cu-Se over Sn-Se.
Coordinated Na-Li synergy: morphology + segregation suppression.
Voc surges to 710 mV (record-low 0.47 V deficit).
Jsc 36.5 mA/cm², FF 55 percent.

This framework generalizes to multinary chalcogenides.Read the full Nature Energy paper.

Record-Breaking Performance Metrics

Small-area (0.12 cm²) cells: 14.5 percent champion PCE. Large-area (1.04 cm²): 13.8 percent. Modules (261 cm² aperture, akin to standard wafers): 12.7 percent. Post-5000 bends (5 mm radius), retention >95 percent—robust for real-world flexing.

Device Type	PCE (Champion)	Certified PCE	Voc (mV)	Jsc (mA/cm²)
Flexible Cell (0.12 cm²)	14.5%	14.2%	710	36.5
Shingled Module	12.7%	12.0%	-	-

Outperforms flexible CIGS (13-14 percent) in sustainability; trails perovskites (25+ percent) but excels in stability (no hysteresis, >1000h damp heat).

Comparison chart of CZTSSe efficiency records, highlighting CAS IOP's flexible milestone

CAS IOP: Pillar of China's PV Innovation Ecosystem

Beijing's CAS IOP, under Qingbo Meng's Renewable Energy Lab, spearheads thin-film PV. Collaborations with University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS) train PhDs; alumni populate firms like Hanergy. Recent rigid CZTSSe hits 16.6 percent (10th NREL entry).Related rigid record.

China's PV prowess—80 percent global capacity—stems from such hubs. IOP's IP fuels startups; government "Double First-Class" initiatives boost funding.

China's Solar Dominance and Flexible PV Momentum

China installed 330 GW PV in 2025; flexible segment grows 20 percent yearly, eyeing $1B by 2030. BIPV market: $50B potential. CAS breakthroughs de-risk tech transfer.

Earth-abundant: cuts costs 30 percent vs. CIGS.
Lightweight (<1% silicon weight): drones gain 2x flight time.
Non-toxic: EU RoHS compliant.

Real-World Applications and Commercial Pathways

Envision curved rooftop panels, soldier wearables (powering sensors), IoT skins. Modules suit roll-to-roll production; partners eye pilot lines 2027. Challenges: scale-up uniformity, encapsulation.

Solar Frontier shuttered kesterite line (2018); China's policy (carbon neutrality 2060) revives prospects.

Boosting Careers in China's Solar Research Landscape

CAS IOP exemplifies higher ed's role: UCAS PhDs lead. Demand surges for materials scientists; salaries 200k-500k RMB. Programs at Tsinghua, Fudan integrate PV. Explore research jobs or China's higher ed openings.

Global Perspectives and Future Horizons

Experts hail the phase-control as "elegant"; perovskites hit 33 percent tandem flexible, but toxicity stalls. Kesterite's 20-25 percent target viable by 2030. IOP's strategy inspires CIGS, Sb2Se3.

China's R&D spend (2.5% GDP) propels; collaborations with EU via Horizon beckon. Sustainable PV awaits.