China's higher-education and research ecosystem is undergoing a notable transformation in how scholarly knowledge is disseminated. Emerging Diamond Open Access models—where neither authors nor readers pay fees—are gaining traction amid efforts by the Ministry of Education (MOE) and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) to promote equitable access to research outputs. These models stand apart from gold or green open access by relying on institutional subsidies, society funding, and government support rather than article processing charges.
Background on Diamond Open Access in China
Diamond Open Access, also known as platinum OA, eliminates financial barriers for both creators and consumers of research. In the Chinese context, this approach aligns with national priorities outlined in the 14th Five-Year Plan for Science and Technology, which emphasizes inclusive knowledge sharing. Universities such as Tsinghua University and Peking University have piloted platforms that host peer-reviewed journals without charging authors or subscribers, often supported by central government allocations through the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC).
The shift reflects broader cultural and policy contexts in China, where state-backed initiatives historically prioritized accessibility. Unlike commercial models dominant in Western publishing, Chinese Diamond OA frequently involves collaboration between academic societies, university presses, and provincial education departments. For instance, the China Association for Science and Technology (CAST) has facilitated partnerships that sustain journals in fields ranging from engineering to social sciences.
Current Developments and Policy Drivers
Recent MOE directives have accelerated adoption. In 2024, guidelines encouraged higher-education institutions to allocate portions of research budgets toward non-commercial publishing. This builds on earlier CAS statements promoting open science. Data from the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) indicates a steady rise in Diamond OA journals, with over 200 new titles registered in the past two years across disciplines.
Stakeholders note that these models address equity concerns, particularly for researchers at regional universities in provinces like Yunnan or Xinjiang, where funding for APCs may be limited. The National Science Library of the Chinese Academy of Sciences has played a coordinating role, developing infrastructure that supports metadata standards and long-term archiving without commercial intermediaries.
Photo by Road Ahead on Unsplash
Case Studies from Leading Institutions
Tsinghua University’s Journal of Tsinghua University (Science and Technology) transitioned to a Diamond model in 2023, funded through university endowments and NSFC grants. Similarly, Fudan University has launched several society journals in medicine and humanities that operate fee-free. These examples demonstrate how elite institutions leverage their resources to subsidize broader access, creating ripple effects for affiliated researchers nationwide.
Provincial initiatives, such as those coordinated by the Shanghai Municipal Education Commission, have supported regional consortia. Journals hosted on platforms like the China Open Access Journals portal illustrate successful scaling, with usage metrics showing increased citations from international readers.
Stakeholder Perspectives
University administrators highlight cost predictability and alignment with national open-science goals. Researchers appreciate the removal of financial hurdles, though some express concerns about perceived prestige compared to established commercial outlets. Librarians at institutions like Zhejiang University note improved collection management, as Diamond OA reduces subscription burdens while maintaining quality through rigorous peer review.
International observers, including representatives from the European University Association, have expressed interest in collaborative models that could bridge Chinese and global practices. Chinese academics emphasize that these models preserve editorial independence from commercial pressures.
Challenges and Solutions
Key challenges include sustainable funding streams and maintaining rigorous peer-review standards without APC revenue. Solutions emerging include hybrid public-private partnerships and performance-based allocations from MOE. Training programs for editors, offered through CAST workshops, address capacity gaps. Data from pilot programs show that transparent governance and community oversight mitigate risks of quality dilution.
Another hurdle involves indexing and discoverability. Efforts to integrate Diamond OA titles into global databases like Scopus and Web of Science are underway, supported by CAS initiatives that standardize metadata.
Photo by Michael Lee on Unsplash
Impacts on Research and Higher Education
Early indicators suggest higher citation rates and broader readership for Diamond OA outputs from Chinese institutions. This supports career advancement for early-career researchers and enhances China’s global research footprint. In higher-education settings, these models foster interdisciplinary collaboration, as seen in joint publications between Tsinghua and regional partners.
Long-term implications include reduced reliance on foreign publishers and strengthened national knowledge sovereignty, consistent with MOE strategic objectives.
Future Outlook and Actionable Insights
Looking ahead, expansion is expected as the 15th Five-Year Plan incorporates explicit targets for Diamond OA coverage. Recommendations for administrators include auditing current publishing expenditures and piloting society-led journals. For job seekers in academia, familiarity with these models signals alignment with evolving priorities in Chinese higher education.
Institutions abroad interested in partnerships may explore joint Diamond platforms, drawing on successful precedents like those facilitated by the Belt and Road Initiative in academic cooperation.