Introduction to the Landmark Report

The 2026 Europe report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change delivers a stark assessment of how rising temperatures, extreme weather, and shifting ecosystems are already reshaping public health across the continent. Compiled by 65 experts from 46 leading institutions, this third annual edition tracks 43 indicators spanning climate impacts, adaptation efforts, mitigation co-benefits, economic factors, and societal engagement. Drawing on data through 2025, the findings reveal that the window for protective action is rapidly narrowing, with heat-related mortality climbing and infectious disease risks expanding northward.

Europe faces unprecedented challenges as climate change intensifies. Heatwaves have become more frequent and intense, contributing to thousands of additional deaths annually. At the same time, warmer conditions enable disease-carrying insects to thrive in regions once too cold for them. The report emphasizes that while some progress exists in renewable energy adoption and health adaptation planning, fossil fuel reliance continues to undermine gains and exacerbate health burdens.

Readers will discover detailed breakdowns of regional disparities, successful case studies from northern and southern Europe, and clear pathways for policymakers, health professionals, and communities to build resilience. This publication serves as both a warning and a roadmap, underscoring that decisive health-focused climate action can deliver immediate benefits for millions of Europeans.

Key Findings on Rising Health Impacts

Heat-related mortality has increased substantially across Europe. Comparing the period 1991–2000 with 2015–2024 shows a clear upward trend in annual deaths per million inhabitants. Southern European countries bear the heaviest burden, yet northern nations are experiencing faster relative rises as summers warm rapidly.

Infectious disease transmission is shifting. Tick-borne encephalitis and Lyme disease now occur at higher altitudes and latitudes. Mosquito-borne illnesses such as West Nile virus have expanded their range, with outbreaks reported in previously unaffected areas. Food insecurity linked to extreme weather events has also risen, affecting vulnerable populations through disrupted supply chains and crop losses.

Wildfires in southern Europe have intensified, releasing smoke that triggers respiratory emergencies and cardiovascular events. Air pollution from fossil fuels remains a leading contributor to premature deaths, compounding climate-related risks. The report documents how these interconnected threats disproportionately affect older adults, children, outdoor workers, and low-income communities.

Overall, the health burden is accelerating faster than adaptation measures can offset. Without scaled-up interventions, annual heat deaths could double by mid-century in many regions.

Progress and Gaps in Adaptation Planning

Many European countries have developed national adaptation plans that include health components. Heat-health action plans now operate in over 20 nations, providing early-warning systems and cooling centers during extreme events. These measures have demonstrably reduced mortality during recent heatwaves in cities such as Paris, Madrid, and Berlin.

However, implementation remains uneven. Eastern and southeastern Europe lag behind western and northern counterparts in funding and infrastructure. Coastal regions face growing threats from sea-level rise and flooding, yet few comprehensive health adaptation strategies address these risks.

Healthcare systems are beginning to incorporate climate resilience into hospital design and emergency response protocols. Training programs for medical professionals on climate-sensitive diseases are expanding, yet shortages of specialists in environmental health persist in several member states.

The report highlights successful regional collaborations, including cross-border early-warning networks for heat and vector-borne diseases. These examples demonstrate that coordinated action can protect populations more effectively than isolated national efforts.

Mitigation Co-Benefits for Public Health

Transitioning away from fossil fuels offers immediate health gains beyond emission reductions. Phasing out coal-fired power plants has already improved air quality in parts of Poland, Germany, and the United Kingdom, lowering rates of asthma, heart disease, and lung cancer.

Active travel initiatives—promoting walking and cycling—simultaneously cut emissions and boost physical activity levels. Cities investing in safe bike lanes and pedestrian zones report measurable declines in obesity-related conditions and traffic-related injuries.

Renewable energy expansion creates jobs in green sectors while reducing exposure to indoor air pollution from traditional heating sources in rural areas. The report quantifies how ambitious mitigation pathways could prevent hundreds of thousands of premature deaths annually by 2040 through cleaner air alone.

Yet fossil fuel dependence continues to delay these benefits. Subsidies for oil, gas, and coal remain high in several countries, slowing the pace of transition and perpetuating health harms.

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Economic and Financial Dimensions

Climate change imposes mounting economic costs on European health systems. Heat-related hospital admissions and lost productivity from extreme weather events now total billions of euros each year. The report estimates that without accelerated adaptation, these costs could rise fivefold by 2050.

Positive economic signals exist. Investments in renewable energy and energy-efficient buildings generate substantial returns through reduced healthcare expenditures. Green jobs in the health and climate sectors are growing rapidly, offering opportunities for reskilling workers from declining fossil fuel industries.

Financial mechanisms such as green bonds and climate funds are increasingly directed toward health adaptation projects. Several European banks have launched dedicated portfolios supporting resilient healthcare infrastructure.

Nevertheless, the report notes insufficient funding for vulnerable regions. Eastern European countries receive proportionally less international climate finance relative to their exposure levels, widening health inequities across the continent.

Societal Engagement and Policy Responses

Public awareness of climate-health links has grown significantly. Surveys indicate rising concern among Europeans about heatwaves, air quality, and emerging infectious diseases. Youth-led movements have amplified calls for stronger climate policies with explicit health protections.

Political engagement varies. The European Union has integrated health considerations into its Green Deal and climate adaptation strategies, yet national implementation differs widely. Some governments have passed legislation requiring health impact assessments for all major climate policies.

Litigation is emerging as a tool for accountability. Courts in several countries have ruled on cases linking government inaction on emissions to health harms, setting precedents for future claims.

Media coverage of the topic has increased, though the report calls for more consistent framing that emphasizes solutions alongside risks. Health professional organizations are actively advocating for climate action as a core public health priority.

Regional Case Studies and Disparities

Northern Europe shows leadership in renewable integration and urban greening. Scandinavian cities demonstrate how district cooling systems and extensive green spaces mitigate heat while enhancing biodiversity and mental well-being.

Southern Europe faces acute challenges from wildfires and prolonged heat. Spain and Italy have pioneered community-based early-warning apps that combine meteorological data with health alerts, reducing emergency visits during summer peaks.

Central and Eastern Europe contend with aging infrastructure and higher reliance on coal. Poland’s recent investments in solar and wind are beginning to improve air quality in industrial regions, offering models for neighboring states.

Island nations and coastal areas experience unique pressures from sea-level rise and changing marine ecosystems. Malta and Cyprus illustrate innovative approaches to water security and heat-resilient tourism infrastructure.

Future Outlook and Actionable Recommendations

The report projects that under current policies, health risks will intensify markedly by 2030 and beyond. Heat-related deaths could increase by 50 percent or more in southern Europe, while vector-borne disease ranges expand further north.

Urgent recommendations include scaling heat-health action plans to all European countries, accelerating fossil fuel phase-outs with targeted health co-benefit monitoring, and increasing climate finance flows to vulnerable regions.

Healthcare systems must integrate climate risk into routine planning, from supply chain resilience to workforce training. Cross-sector collaboration between health, environment, and finance ministries is essential for coherent policy.

Individuals and communities can contribute through local adaptation measures, such as urban tree planting and heat-preparedness education. The report stresses that collective action at every level offers the best path to protecting European health in a changing climate.

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Implications for European Health Systems

Health services across the continent must prepare for rising demand during climate extremes. Hospitals require upgraded cooling infrastructure and surge capacity for heat-related illnesses and respiratory emergencies.

Preventive care gains importance as climate-sensitive conditions become more prevalent. Vaccination campaigns against emerging vector-borne diseases and mental health support for climate-related anxiety are expanding priorities.

Workforce planning must account for increased occupational health risks for outdoor and healthcare workers. Protective guidelines and training programs are being updated in response to the report’s findings.

Data systems need strengthening to track climate-health indicators in real time, enabling rapid response and evidence-based policy adjustments.

Conclusion: A Call for Decisive Action

The 2026 Lancet Countdown Europe report makes clear that climate change is not a distant threat but a present health emergency. Yet the findings also demonstrate that timely, health-centered climate policies can avert the worst outcomes while delivering immediate benefits in cleaner air, safer cities, and stronger communities.

Europe stands at a pivotal moment. With coordinated effort across governments, health institutions, businesses, and citizens, the continent can narrow the gap between current risks and a resilient future. The report provides the evidence base and practical guidance needed to seize this opportunity before the window closes further.

By prioritizing health in every climate decision, Europe can protect its people today and safeguard generations to come.