🌺 Tracing the Roots: Ancient Symbolism in Early Civilizations

University historians have long been fascinated by how flowers transcended mere decoration to become vessels of profound meaning in ancient societies. In civilizations like ancient Rome, Greece, Egypt, and Assyria, specific blooms were tied to myths, rituals, and seasonal cycles, laying the groundwork for what would evolve into modern birth flowers. Roman traditions, for instance, involved gifting flowers during birthday celebrations, a practice documented in classical texts and now analyzed in university archives worldwide. Greek mythology linked flowers such as the narcissus to tales of vanity and rebirth, while Egyptian art depicted lotuses symbolizing the sun's daily journey.

Historians at institutions like Cornell University emphasize that these early associations were not arbitrary but rooted in seasonal availability and cultural narratives. Flowers blooming in specific months were seen as omens or gifts from the gods, influencing personal identity much like zodiac signs do today. This foundational symbolism persisted, resurfacing in later eras through scholarly reinterpretation.

The Ottoman Selam and European Transmission

The bridge between ancient practices and European floriography lies in the Ottoman Empire's 'selam' tradition of the 14th century, where flowers and other objects formed poetic messages. Lady Mary Wortley Montagu introduced this to England in 1718 after observing it in Constantinople, sparking curiosity among intellectuals. University scholars, such as those compiling Cornell's digital collections, note how this evolved from mnemonic poetry devices into a coded language.

By the 18th century, French horticultural fashion amplified these ideas, with Paris as the epicenter. Joseph Hammer-Purgstall's 1809 Dictionnaire du language des fleurs marked the first published list, paving the way for birth flower assignments based on monthly themes.

French Foundations and the First Dictionaries

Louise Cortambert, writing as Madame Charlotte de Latour, published Le langage des Fleurs in 1819, the seminal floriography dictionary that standardized flower meanings across Europe. This work, housed in university special collections like Cornell's 92-volume Language of Flowers archive, directly influenced birth flower lists by associating blooms with virtues, emotions, and seasonal births. Historians highlight how de Latour drew from Persian, Turkish, and classical sources, creating a hybrid system that resonated with Romantic ideals.

Across the Atlantic, American scholars adapted these, with Constantine Samuel Rafinesque's newspaper series 'The School of Flora' (1827-1828) introducing floriography to U.S. readers, linking it to local flora and birth months.

Victorian Flourishing: Floriography in Britain and Beyond

The Victorian era (1837-1901) saw floriography peak, driven by middle-class leisure and moral literature. Books like Henry Phillips' Floral Emblems (1825) traced origins to 12th-century English heraldry, toning down French sensuality for British propriety. Women, restricted from public discourse, used floral dictionaries to comment on society, as explored in university gender studies courses.

Birth flowers emerged distinctly here, with monthly assignments in tussie-mussies (small bouquets). Roses for June symbolized eternal love, while daffodils for March evoked renewal—ties now dissected in Victorian literature seminars globally.

Standardization of Monthly Birth Flowers

By the late 19th century, consensus formed on birth flowers, often two per month reflecting U.S./U.K. variations. Britannica compiles a standard list rooted in these traditions: January's carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) and snowdrop (Galanthus); February's violet (Viola) and iris (Iris); March's daffodil (Narcissus pseudonarcissus); April's daisy and sweet pea (Lathyrus odoratus); May's lily of the valley (Convallaria majalis) and hawthorn (Crataegus); June's rose (Rosa) and honeysuckle (Lonicera); July's larkspur (Delphinium) and water lily (Nymphaea); August's gladiolus (Gladiolus) and poppy (Papaver); September's aster and morning glory (Ipomoea); October's cosmos (Cosmos bipinnatus) and marigold (Tagetes erecta); November's chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) and peony (Paeonia); December's narcissus and holly (Ilex).

Penn State University's Master Gardener program affirms these via folklore analysis, noting non-scientific but culturally enduring meanings.

Cornell University's Preservation Efforts

Cornell University leads in digitizing floriography history through its 'Written in Petals' exhibition and 92-text collection, spanning 1800s-1950s. Librarians and historians here reveal how Industrial Revolution prosperity fueled book production, linking flowers to birthdays, mythology, and ethics. This resource aids global researchers tracing birth flower evolutions.

Beverly Seaton: Pioneering Scholar on Floral Language

Beverly Seaton, whose 1995 book The Language of Flowers: A History (University of Virginia Press) contextualizes floriography socially and literarily, exemplifies academic dedication. Seaton examines 19th-century flower uses in daily life, literature, and sentiment, debunking myths of Turkish exclusivity. Her work inspires higher ed curricula on cultural symbolism.

Other Global University Contributions

The University of Iowa Libraries' 2025 blog dissects Victorian dictionaries, showing meaning fluidity. California State University Northridge (CSUN) holds Victorian gems like Henrietta Dumont's 1869 floral offerings, ideal for studying bouquet codes. These collections foster interdisciplinary research in history, botany, and literature.

Month-by-Month Historic Insights from Scholars

January's carnation traces to Roman gods' flowers; snowdrop to Christian hope. February's iris echoes Greek rainbow goddess; violet fertility rites. March daffodils symbolize Persian renewal. April daisies link to Norse Freyja; sweet peas Victorian bliss. May's lily of the valley Paris bridal luck; hawthorn Celtic Maypole. June roses Persian gardens; honeysuckle bonds. July larkspur delphinium myths; water lilies Egyptian rebirth. August gladioli gladiator strength; poppies Greek sleep. September asters Greek stars; morning glories Aztec rituals. October marigolds Day of Dead; cosmos Mexican harmony. November chrysanthemums Asian longevity; peonies Chinese prosperity. December narcissus Greek myth; holly pagan winter.

• Carnation: Ancient Mediterranean festivals.
• Daffodil: Medieval rebirth emblem.
• Rose: 5,000-year cultivation history.

Cultural Variations and Global Academic Views

While Western lists dominate, Asian universities study chrysanthemums' imperial ties, African scholars lotus symbolism. Balanced multi-perspective research at global colleges highlights imperialism's role in standardizing lists.

Contemporary Research and Higher Ed Integration

Today's university courses in cultural history, gender studies, and botany incorporate floriography. Digital humanities projects at Cornell digitize texts for AI analysis, revealing patterns in birth flower assignments. Challenges include romanticized myths; solutions via primary sources.

Implications and Future Outlook

Understanding birth flowers enriches personal identity, informs therapy, marketing. University historians predict VR exhibits, interdisciplinary collaborations. Actionable: Explore campus archives, join botany clubs for deeper appreciation.

This academic lens reveals birth flowers not as whimsy, but layered cultural artifacts, continually unpacked by dedicated scholars.

Photo by Art Institute of Chicago on Unsplash