New Insights from Singapore's GUSTO Cohort Study on Infant Screen Time
A groundbreaking study conducted by researchers from Singapore's Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), National University of Singapore (NUS), and National University Health System (NUHS) has uncovered a compelling neurodevelopmental pathway linking excessive screen time in infancy to long-term cognitive and emotional challenges. Published on December 29, 2025, in eBioMedicine, a journal under The Lancet, the research titled "Neurobehavioural links from infant screen time to anxiety" tracked 168 children from the Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) birth cohort over more than a decade. This prospective longitudinal design provides robust evidence that high screen exposure before age two accelerates brain network maturation in ways that impair decision-making speed and heighten anxiety risks by adolescence.
The GUSTO cohort, launched in 2009, is Singapore's largest mother-offspring birth cohort study, involving over 1,200 families to investigate how early-life factors influence lifelong health and development. For this analysis, infant screen time was measured between ages one and two years, diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were performed at ages 4.5, 6, and 7.5 years to assess brain network topology, the Cambridge Gambling Task (CGT) evaluated decision-making at age 8.5, and the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children, 2nd Edition (MASC) gauged anxiety symptoms at age 13.
🧠 Understanding the Brain Networks Affected
The human brain comprises seven major cortical networks, including visual, somatomotor, dorsal attention, salience, limbic, default mode, and cognitive control networks. These networks facilitate specialized functions like processing visual information, directing attention, regulating emotions, and executing complex cognitive tasks. Network integration refers to the efficiency of connections between regions within and across these networks, which typically matures gradually during childhood to support flexible adaptation to diverse stimuli.
In the study, children with higher infant screen time exhibited a steeper decline in integration within the visual-cognitive control network between ages 4.5 and 7.5 years (β = −1.03, 95% CI: −1.61 to −0.46). This indicates accelerated topological maturation—premature specialization driven by intense, repetitive visual stimulation from screens, which limits exposure to varied real-world sensory inputs. Unlike healthy gradual development, this rapid change results in rigid, less resilient neural architecture, akin to over-pruning a young plant before it can branch out effectively.
The Serial Pathway: From Screens to Anxiety
Employing structural equation modeling (SEM) with 10,000 bootstraps and Bonferroni corrections for multiple testing, the researchers delineated a full serial mediation pathway. Higher infant screen time predicted the steeper network integration decline, which mediated longer deliberation times on the CGT at age 8.5 (β = −0.27, 95% CI: −0.71 to −0.05)—a measure of decision latency reflecting hesitation in risk-reward choices. This slower decision-making, in turn, correlated with elevated MASC scores at age 13 (r = 0.20, p = 0.006), indicating greater anxiety symptoms.
The overall indirect effect was significant (β = 0.033, 95% CI: 0.002 to 0.160), suggesting sensory processing impairments as a core mechanism. Screens bombard infants with hyper-stimulating visuals, sidelining interactive, multisensory experiences essential for balanced neural pruning and myelination. Covariates like maternal education, age, and household income were controlled via a latent environment factor, bolstering causal plausibility in this observational design.
- Step 1: Excessive passive visual input during infancy (ages 1-2).
- Step 2: Accelerated, inefficient visual-cognitive network maturation (ages 4.5-7.5).
- Step 3: Prolonged response times in decision tasks (age 8.5).
- Step 4: Heightened anxiety vulnerability (age 13).
Alignment with Global and Local Screen Time Guidelines
The findings reinforce recommendations from authoritative bodies. The World Health Organization (WHO) advises no sedentary screen time for infants under two, except video chatting, emphasizing physical activity and sleep for cognitive growth. Similarly, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends zero screen media for children under 18 months and high-quality, limited exposure (under one hour) for ages 2-5, prioritizing co-viewing.
In Singapore, the Ministry of Health (MOH) echoes this: no screens for under 18 months, less than one hour daily for ages 18 months to six years (prioritizing educational content with parental guidance), and under two hours for 7-12 year-olds excluding schoolwork. A 2025 MDDI survey revealed 58% of 2-6 year-olds exceed one hour on weekdays (81% weekends), underscoring a public health gap.MOH Guidance on Screen Use
Singapore's Screen Time Landscape and Parental Challenges
Singapore's tech-savvy society amplifies risks. Preschoolers (2-3 years) average 2.5 hours daily on screens, with 90% of 18-24 month-olds engaging regularly. Parental use of devices as pacifiers is common amid dual-income households and work pressures. A CNA-IPS survey notes teens (13-19) average high usage, but infancy sets the trajectory.
Only 37% of parents feel confident managing digital habits, per MDDI data. Cultural emphasis on early education sometimes justifies screens, yet experts like Asst Prof Tan Ai Peng stress: "The first few years are when the brain learns real-world experiences... not excessive visual stimulation."
Corroborating Evidence from Other Studies
Prior GUSTO findings link 12-month screen time to altered EEG at nine years, impairing executive function—a precursor to academic struggles. Globally, excessive exposure correlates with language delays, attention deficits, obesity, and socioemotional issues. A 2023 JAMA Pediatrics study (also GUSTO) found infant screens disrupt frontal-parietal and temporal-occipital coherence, echoing cognitive control alterations here.
Longitudinal data show persistent effects: infancy screens predict poorer executive function at nine, potentially cascading to higher education challenges like decision-making in complex studies or anxiety in high-stakes exams.
Protective Role of Parent-Child Interactions
Hope lies in mitigation. A related 2024 Psychological Medicine study from the same team found frequent parent-child reading from age three buffers brain network changes from early screens, fostering emotional bonds and language via interactive storytelling. Dr Huang Pei notes: "Use screens responsibly... engage and process information together." Activities like LEGO building, outdoor play, or swimming enrich multisensory input.
- Co-view educational content actively.
- Prioritize reading aloud daily.
- Encourage device-free family meals and play.
- Model healthy habits—parents' usage influences children.
Implications for Cognitive Development and Future Learning
Slower decision-making hampers executive functions critical for learning: planning, impulse control, flexibility. In higher education contexts, such deficits may manifest as procrastination, test anxiety, or suboptimal performance in research demanding rapid hypothesis evaluation. Singapore's competitive academic landscape amplifies this; early interventions could safeguard future university success.Explore Singapore university opportunities
Stakeholders—parents, educators, policymakers—must prioritize. Schools could integrate screen hygiene curricula, while universities like NUS expand translational research on neurodevelopment.Research jobs in higher ed
Photo by Elias Neumann on Unsplash
Actionable Insights and Future Directions
Parents: Audit screen use; opt for zero under two, quality over quantity later. Track via apps, set routines. Educators: Advocate evidence-based policies. Future GUSTO waves will test reversibility; interventions targeting sensory integration show promise.
Read the full eBioMedicine study | Straits Times coverageConclusion: Shaping Brains for Tomorrow's Scholars
This A*STAR-NUS study illuminates why infancy is a critical window: early screens reshape trajectories to teen anxiety and cognitive lags, but parental engagement offers resilience. For aspiring academics, fostering robust neural foundations today ensures thriving in higher ed careers, from research to lecturing. Share experiences on Rate My Professor or seek advice at Higher Ed Career Advice. Prioritize real-world wonders over pixels—Singapore's youth deserve optimal starts.University jobs | Postdoc opportunities