The Innovative IRGR Engine Concept at the Heart of NUS's Initiative

The National University of Singapore (NUS) has pioneered a groundbreaking approach with its in-cylinder reforming gas recirculation (IRGR) engine concept, central to this new project. IRGR addresses fundamental hurdles in ammonia combustion by reforming a portion of the exhaust gas within the engine cylinder itself. This process generates a hydrogen-rich reformate gas, which is then recirculated back into the intake. The added hydrogen acts as a combustion promoter, significantly boosting flame speed and stability while minimizing unburnt ammonia slip and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions.

Prior research from NUS's College of Design and Engineering (CDE), published in leading journals like Nature Communications, demonstrated that IRGR could improve indicated thermal efficiency by up to 15.8% compared to traditional ammonia engines, even at low diesel pilot ratios. This step-by-step enhancement—reforming, recirculation, and optimized combustion—positions the technology as a viable path to near-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions without relying on external hydrogen supplies or complex after-treatment systems.

Led by Associate Professor Yang Wenming from the Department of Mechanical Engineering at NUS CDE, the project builds on years of foundational work, including laser diagnostics and numerical simulations conducted in dedicated labs. This innovation not only tackles efficiency losses but also reduces other pollutants like nitrous oxide (N2O), making it a comprehensive solution for sustainable propulsion.

Singapore's Maritime Sector and the Urgent Need for Decarbonization

As the world's busiest transshipment hub, the Port of Singapore handles over 37 million twenty-foot equivalent units (TEUs) annually, underscoring the island nation's pivotal role in global trade. However, maritime transport contributes approximately 3% of global GHG emissions, with projections indicating a potential rise to 17% by 2050 without intervention. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has set ambitious targets: at least 20% reduction by 2030 and net-zero by 2050, relative to 2008 levels.

Singapore, through initiatives like the Maritime Singapore Green Initiative, is aggressively pursuing alternative fuels. Ammonia stands out as a carbon-free option at the point of use—combusting to produce water vapor and nitrogen only—while being easier to liquefy and store than hydrogen. Yet, its adoption lags due to technical barriers, prompting NUS's intervention. This project aligns seamlessly with national strategies, fostering a ecosystem where academia drives industry transformation.

NUS Centre for Hydrogen Innovations: Spearheading the Charge

The NUS Centre for Hydrogen Innovations (CHI), established to advance hydrogen and derivative technologies, leads this effort. CHI's state-of-the-art facilities, including high-pressure test rigs and advanced analytics, enable real-world validation. Since its inception, CHI has funded over 17 projects spanning production, storage, and utilization, positioning NUS as a leader in energy transition research.

In Singapore's higher education landscape, such centres exemplify how universities are integrating sustainability into curricula and research. NUS CDE's Mechanical Engineering department, under Professor Lee Poh Seng, emphasizes interdisciplinary training, preparing students for roles in green maritime engineering. This project exemplifies how higher education institutions are bridging lab discoveries to commercial viability.

Photo by Faizan Bashir on Unsplash

Strategic Partnerships Driving Collaborative Success

Success hinges on a robust consortium: academic partners like Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, and A*STAR's National Metrology Centre bring complementary expertise in materials, metrology, and combustion modeling. Industry heavyweights—Seatrium (formerly Keppel Offshore & Marine), Daihatsu Diesel (a global engine leader), and the American Bureau of Shipping (ABS)—provide practical insights, testing infrastructure, and certification pathways.

Launched on February 4, 2026, with formal agreements signed at the event, this collaboration was attended by dignitaries from the Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore (MPA) and Singapore Maritime Institute (SMI), which provides funding. Quotes from participants, such as Daihatsu President Yoshinobu Hotta, highlight the shared vision: "This partnership accelerates our journey to zero-emission engines." Such alliances are vital for higher education, offering students internships and exposure to industry challenges.

Explore opportunities in this space via research jobs at leading institutions.

Overcoming Key Challenges in Ammonia Fuel Technology

• Low Combustion Efficiency: Ammonia's high ignition energy and slow flame speed lead to incomplete burns; IRGR's hydrogen boost resolves this.
• Emissions Profile: Unburnt NH3 (ammonia slip) and NOx formation; advanced control strategies target near-zero levels.
• Toxicity and Safety: Ammonia's corrosive nature and toxicity require specialized handling—double-walled tanks, leak detection, and crew training. ABS guidelines emphasize risk assessments.
• Supply Chain: Green ammonia production via electrolysis is scaling, with Singapore investing in bunkering infrastructure.

Through three years of R&D, including prototype demonstration by 2029, NUS aims to validate scalability. Real-world precedents, like the 2024 ammonia bunkering trial in Singapore, pave the way.

Implications for Higher Education and Talent Development in Singapore

This project underscores Singapore universities' pivot to green technologies, aligning with the Green Plan 2030. NUS and NTU are expanding programs in sustainable engineering, with dedicated labs fostering hands-on learning. Faculty like Assoc Prof Yang Wenming mentor PhD students on ammonia dynamics, producing graduates ready for faculty positions or industry R&D.

Government funds like the Urban Solutions and Sustainability Translation Fund ($40 million) support commercialization, creating pathways from academia to market. For higher education professionals, it signals booming demand in interdisciplinary fields—combining mechanical engineering, chemistry, and policy.

Students interested in such innovations can benefit from career advice at higher ed career advice.

Photo by Chris Boyer on Unsplash

Broader Impacts on Global Sustainable Shipping

Beyond Singapore, the IRGR prototype could influence engine makers worldwide. Companies like Wärtsilä and MAN Energy Solutions are developing ammonia engines, but NUS's single-fuel approach simplifies retrofits. Economic modeling suggests ammonia could cut lifecycle emissions by 90% when produced renewably.

Stakeholder perspectives vary: Environmental groups praise the potential, while regulators stress safety certification. Case studies from Japan's ammonia trials and Europe's e-fuel pilots provide benchmarks. For Singapore's economy, reliant on shipping (7% GDP), this fortifies competitiveness.

Future Outlook and Pathways Forward

By 2029, expect a functional demonstrator, followed by commercialization. Aligned with IMO's revised GHG strategy, it supports 5-10% zero-emission fuel uptake by 2030. NUS's role inspires other universities to tackle hard-to-abate sectors.

Actionable insights for academics: Collaborate via open calls, upskill in CFD modeling, and engage industry. For job seekers, monitor university jobs in energy research. This project heralds a greener maritime era, driven by Singapore's higher education prowess.

In summary, NUS's ammonia marine engines project exemplifies innovation. Visit Rate My Professor for faculty insights, explore higher ed jobs, and access higher ed career advice for your next step.