India's scholarly publishing sector is undergoing a notable transformation, driven by the adoption of hybrid publishing models and the integration of artificial intelligence tailored to Indian languages. This shift addresses longstanding challenges in access, equity, and linguistic diversity within higher education and research institutions across the country.

Understanding Hybrid Publishing Models in the Indian Context

Hybrid publishing combines elements of traditional subscription-based access with open access options, allowing journals to offer both paywalled content and freely available articles funded through article processing charges or institutional agreements. In India, this model has gained traction as universities and research bodies seek sustainable ways to disseminate knowledge while managing costs. The approach enables authors to choose open access for greater visibility while maintaining revenue streams for publishers through subscriptions.

Regulatory bodies such as the University Grants Commission (UGC) and the Information and Library Network (INFLIBNET) Centre have played key roles in facilitating these transitions. Hybrid models help bridge gaps between well-funded institutions and those with limited resources, particularly in state universities and colleges spread across diverse regions.

The Role of Indian Language Models in Scholarly Communication

Indian language models, powered by artificial intelligence, are emerging as critical tools for multilingual scholarly publishing. These models, developed through initiatives like AI4Bharat and the IndiaAI Mission, support the processing and generation of content in languages such as Hindi, Tamil, Bengali, and others among India's 22 scheduled languages. They enable translation, summarization, and accessibility features that make research more inclusive for scholars who prefer working in their mother tongues rather than English.

Platforms and tools from organizations including the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology are contributing to this ecosystem. Lightweight models designed for edge devices address connectivity issues in rural and semi-urban areas where many higher education institutions are located.

Government Initiatives Driving the Change

The One Nation One Subscription (ONOS) scheme, approved by the Government of India and implemented by INFLIBNET, provides centralized access to over 13,000 journals from more than 30 publishers for thousands of higher education institutions. Rolled out in phases starting in 2025, ONOS eliminates duplication in subscriptions and promotes broader access to international research. While primarily focused on English-language content, it creates opportunities for hybrid approaches that incorporate local language resources.

Complementary efforts under the Department of Science and Technology, including hubs for BharatGPT and collaborations with IITs and IIMs, focus on building foundational models for Indian languages. These initiatives align with broader goals of self-reliance in technology and knowledge production.

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Challenges in Implementation Across Indian Universities

Despite progress, several hurdles remain. Many institutions, especially in smaller cities and rural areas, face inadequate digital infrastructure, limiting the effective use of AI tools and hybrid platforms. The dominance of English in high-impact journals continues to pose barriers for researchers comfortable with regional languages.

Translation accuracy for technical and domain-specific terminology remains a concern. Efforts involving tools like Bhashini are underway to mitigate this, but widespread adoption requires training for faculty and students at universities nationwide.

Case Studies from Leading Institutions

Institutions such as the Indian Institutes of Technology and central universities have begun piloting hybrid journals and integrating Indian language models into research workflows. For example, collaborations supported by INFLIBNET have enabled better indexing and discoverability of multilingual outputs. Journals published by bodies like the Indian Council of Social Science Research are exploring hybrid options to reach wider audiences.

These examples illustrate how hybrid models can coexist with traditional practices while AI tools enhance accessibility without compromising scholarly rigor.

Impacts on Researchers and Higher Education

The combined shift benefits early-career researchers and those from linguistically diverse backgrounds by increasing opportunities for publication and citation. It supports the National Education Policy's emphasis on multilingualism in education and research. Broader access through ONOS and language models can accelerate innovation in fields ranging from agriculture and medicine to social sciences.

Stakeholders, including faculty associations and library consortia, note improved equity in knowledge dissemination, though sustainable funding models remain essential for long-term success.

Future Outlook and Recommendations

Looking ahead, continued investment in AI infrastructure and policy support from the Ministry of Education will be vital. Hybrid models are expected to evolve further, potentially incorporating diamond open access elements alongside language-specific repositories. Recommendations include expanded training programs at higher education institutions and partnerships between universities and technology developers to refine Indian language models for academic use.

These developments position India's scholarly publishing landscape to contribute more effectively to global research while preserving and promoting linguistic diversity.

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Stakeholder Perspectives

University administrators highlight cost efficiencies from centralized initiatives like ONOS. Researchers appreciate the potential for greater reach through multilingual tools. Publishers are adapting by offering hybrid options that align with institutional needs. Policymakers emphasize alignment with national priorities such as Viksit Bharat @2047.