The Current State of Doctoral Education in India
India's doctoral education landscape has expanded dramatically, with over 40,000 PhDs awarded annually as per recent All India Survey on Higher Education data. This surge aligns with the nation's ambition to become a knowledge economy, yet it masks deep-rooted structural flaws. Enrollments in PhD programs have skyrocketed, particularly in sciences and engineering, driven by schemes like UGC NET and institutional expansions under the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020. However, completion rates tell a different story: while more than 42,000 students registered for science PhDs in 2021-22, only around 7,200 completed them, highlighting inefficiencies in the system.
The Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), the highest academic degree, traditionally involves original research culminating in a thesis. In India, it's regulated primarily by the University Grants Commission (UGC) through its Minimum Standards and Procedure for Award of PhD Degree Regulations, 2022. These mandate coursework, comprehensive exams, and thesis evaluation by external experts. Despite these frameworks, PhD programs often stretch beyond five years, deterring talent and wasting resources.
Stakeholders—from aspiring scholars to policymakers—recognize that without radical changes, India's doctoral output risks remaining quantity over quality. Premier institutions like the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) and Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research (IISERs) produce globally competitive researchers, but state universities lag, perpetuating inequities.
Persistent Challenges Plaguing PhD Programs
Several interconnected issues undermine the efficacy of PhD training in India. Prolonged durations top the list, often exceeding six years due to administrative delays, inadequate mentorship, and shifting research goals. A proposal from IIT Ropar identifies these as key hurdles, advocating for structured timelines to streamline progress.
- High Dropout Rates: Estimates suggest up to 40% of PhD candidates abandon their programs midway, citing personal hardships, job opportunities, or harassment. In one university, 175 out of 1,200 candidates dropped out over a decade.
- Quality Concerns: India ranks third globally in research retractions, signaling issues like plagiarism and ethical lapses. Poor supervision exacerbates this, with students often serving as data collectors rather than independent thinkers.
- Infrastructure Gaps: Many universities lack modern labs, forcing reliance on outdated equipment and delaying experiments.
These challenges disproportionately affect scholars from tier-2 and tier-3 cities, widening the urban-rural divide in research capabilities.
Funding and Stipend Crisis: A Major Deterrent
Adequate financial support is crucial for full-time research, yet many PhD students struggle. The UGC NET 2025 saw 1.28 lakh candidates qualify for PhD admissions, but only 5,269 secured Junior Research Fellowships (JRF)—the primary funding source. A poll by India Research Watch reveals 25% of scholars earn less than ₹10,000 monthly, with 14% receiving none, barely covering living costs in cities like Delhi or Mumbai.
JRF stipends stand at ₹37,000 for the first two years, rising to ₹42,000 thereafter, plus House Rent Allowance (HRA). Premium schemes like Prime Minister's Research Fellowship (PMRF) offer ₹70,000-₹80,000, but access is limited to top institutions. Private colleges sometimes provide higher pay (₹40,000-₹1,20,000), but quality varies. Delays in disbursements force many into part-time jobs, diluting research focus.
| Fellowship Scheme | Monthly Stipend | Eligibility |
|---|---|---|
| UGC NET JRF | ₹37,000-₹42,000 | NET Qualifiers |
| PMRF | ₹70,000-₹80,000 | IITs/IISc Toppers |
| INSPIRE | Variable | Merit-based |
This funding crunch not only hampers retention but also discourages interdisciplinary pursuits vital for modern challenges like AI and climate change.
Mental Health Toll on PhD Scholars
The psychological burden of PhD pursuits is alarming. At IIT Kanpur, 80% of scholars screened positive for anxiety or depression, with 34% actively battling issues. Factors include isolation, experiment failures, supervisor pressure, and uncertain futures. Unlike Western programs with robust counseling, Indian universities often stigmatize mental health discussions.
Experts like Prof. Sandhya Koushika from TIFR emphasize resilience-building through clear expectations and peer support. Without intervention, this crisis risks a brain drain, as scholars seek supportive environments abroad.
Employability Paradox: Overqualified Yet Jobless
Despite producing thousands of doctorates yearly, India faces a PhD unemployment crisis. Fresh PhDs compete for scarce faculty positions amid hiring freezes and preference for 'Professors of Practice'. Many end up in unrelated roles or government jobs, viewed as overqualified. General graduate employability hovers at 56% per India Skills Report 2026, but PhDs fare worse due to skill mismatches—strong in theory, weak in industry applications.
For those eyeing academia, explore openings via faculty positions or research assistant jobs on platforms like AcademicJobs.com.
NEP 2020: Foundations for Reform
The NEP 2020 laid groundwork for transformation, mandating multidisciplinary PhDs, teaching credits for all entrants, and phasing out MPhil. It envisions research-intensive universities via the National Research Foundation (NRF), with ₹20,000 crore initial funding to boost competitive grants. However, five years on, implementation lags, prompting calls for second-generation reforms.
NEP promotes experiential learning, industry ties, and global collaborations, aiming for a Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) boost through quality focus.
Recent Initiatives: IITs and Government Leading the Way
2026 marks momentum. The IIT Council approved MTech/PhD overhauls: 'Project-First' models with predefined goals, product-based PhDs (patents over papers), and networked programs across IITs. Doctoral Academies will enhance mentorship and infrastructure.
Education Minister Dharmendra Pradhan proposed '360-degree PhD'—industry-funded, performance-based faculty assignments, and iFLEX for flexible exits. IISERs and NITs will study global best practices, establishing Research Parks and Centres of Excellence.
IIT Kharagpur's student-friendly rules minimize dropouts, emphasizing future-readiness. These align with AI-driven curricula, addressing prolonged durations head-on.
UGC PhD Regulations provide the regulatory backbone, with drafts signaling further tweaks like stricter eligibility (75% marks in prior degrees).Stakeholder Perspectives and Case Studies
Experts urge decoupling student success from supervisor careers. Prof. Arindam Khan (IISc) contrasts Indian PhDs' rigidity with flexible global models. Success stories include PMRF fellows launching startups, proving outcome-focused training works.
Case: IIT Ropar's reforms reduced average PhD time by emphasizing timelines. Globally, emulating project-based doctorates from Europe could suit India.
- Students: Demand better stipends, mental health support.
- Faculty: Advocate balanced workloads.
- Industry: Seeks applied researchers via collaborations.
Check career advice at how to excel in academia.
Pathways to Radical Overhaul: Actionable Solutions
A comprehensive blueprint includes:
- Increase fellowships to cover 20% qualifiers, indexed to inflation.
- Mandate mental health modules, counselor ratios 1:100.
- Adopt hybrid evaluation: 50% publications, 50% patents/products.
- Industry sabbaticals for faculty, co-supervision models.
- Digital platforms for transparent progress tracking.
Government must operationalize NRF fully, targeting 2% GDP on R&D.
Future Outlook and Implications
By 2030, reformed PhDs could propel India to top innovation ranks, fueling Viksit Bharat. Yet, without equitable access, disparities persist. Aspiring PhDs, rate experiences at Rate My Professor and browse postdoc opportunities.
Stakeholders must collaborate: policymakers fund, institutions innovate, scholars persevere. The overhaul isn't optional—it's imperative for India's global research stature.
Photo by A Chosen Soul on Unsplash
