In a pivotal address at the IIT Madras Technology Summit 2026 held in New Delhi on May 5, Union Education Minister Dharmendra Pradhan issued a strong call for the private sector to ramp up investments in research and development within India's higher education institutions. Speaking at the inauguration of this landmark event themed 'From IITM. For Bharat. Building Together,' Pradhan highlighted the urgent need to shift India's innovation paradigm from government-dominated funding to a balanced public-private model. With India's startup ecosystem exploding from a handful to over 250,000 ventures and the country's Global Innovation Index ranking climbing from 85th to 38th, the minister underscored that true progress lies in translating academic research into scalable products and societal solutions.
Pradhan's remarks come at a time when India's higher education sector is poised for transformation amid global technological shifts. The summit itself exemplified this vision, launching three new industry-sponsored Centres of Excellence at IIT Madras: the NTPC Centre for Cardiovascular Research, the BPCL Centre for Next-Gen Technologies for Robotic Assisted Surgeries (YANTRAS), and the HSBC Centre for Resource Efficiency, Recyclability, and Circularity in Energy Transition. These initiatives demonstrate how collaborations can address real-world challenges in health, manufacturing, and sustainability.
India's Research and Development Landscape: A Snapshot
India's Gross Expenditure on Research and Development (GERD), which encompasses all spending on research and development activities across sectors, stands at approximately 0.64 percent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as per the latest available data from 2020-21. This figure has remained stagnant for years, lagging far behind global leaders like South Korea (4.8 percent), China (2.4 percent), and even the OECD average of around 2.7 percent. Within this, the higher education sector's contribution to GERD is a modest 8.8 percent, underscoring the limited role of universities and colleges in national R&D efforts compared to government labs and public sector industries.
The funding composition reveals a stark imbalance: the government sector accounts for about 59 percent of total GERD, with central government alone contributing 43.7 percent. In contrast, the private sector's share hovers at 36.4 percent, a reversal of global trends where business enterprises typically fund over 65-70 percent of R&D. Private sector industries spend around 1.46 percent of their sales turnover on R&D, higher than public sector units at 0.30 percent, but overall investment remains insufficient to fuel the innovation engine needed for a $10 trillion economy by 2030.
This government-heavy model has led to concerns over sustainability. Pradhan noted that 70 percent of research investments currently stem from public coffers, describing it as 'not a healthy sign.' The minister advocated for a 50-50 split between government and industry to create a mature innovation system capable of producing deployable technologies rather than confining outputs to PhD theses and journal publications.
Dharmendra Pradhan's Vision: Beyond Academic Metrics
Delivering the keynote, Pradhan emphasized a human-centric approach to science and technology, positioning it at the forefront of national development. 'Research should not remain limited to PhD theses and academic publications but must lead to tangible innovations that benefit society,' he stated. He pointed to the irony of Indian talent developing cutting-edge technologies abroad, only for domestic industries to buy them back at premium prices, and urged building homegrown solutions leveraging India's vast internal market as both producer and consumer.
The minister praised IIT Madras for its role in fostering startups and unicorns while calling for greater accountability to societal needs. Institutions must communicate their impact clearly, he said, ensuring research addresses challenges faced by the Global South, particularly the poor. Pradhan also critiqued Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) spending as often 'tokenistic,' pushing for direct R&D investments that yield long-term returns.
Government's Bold Initiatives: The Rs 1 Lakh Crore RDI Fund and ANRF
To catalyze private participation, the government has rolled out the Research, Development, and Innovation (RDI) Fund, a Rs 1 lakh crore corpus under the Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF). Established via the ANRF Act 2023, this apex body promotes research across disciplines, seed-funding startups, and attracting private capital into sunrise sectors like AI, quantum computing, and clean energy. The RDI Fund, a Special Purpose Vehicle, channels investments to deep-tech ventures, aiming to bridge the gap between lab discoveries and market-ready products.
ANRF's structure encourages private sector-led R&D, with provisions for industry-academia consortia and incentives for collaborative projects. Early successes include the Bodhan AI Centre of Excellence at IIT Madras, supported by the Ministry of Education, targeting AI training for one million teachers by 2027. These measures align with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020's emphasis on multidisciplinary research and industry linkages, positioning higher education as a driver of Viksit Bharat by 2047.
Spotlight on Successful Public-Private Partnerships
India's higher education institutions are already witnessing fruitful collaborations. At IIT Madras, industry funding for research projects surged from 501 in 2015-16 to 982 in 2025-26, totaling Rs 966 crore. Notable examples include:
- Google's AI Boost: A $8 million investment supports AI Centres of Excellence at IIT Madras, IISc Bengaluru (TANUH), and IIT Kanpur (Airawat), focusing on health foundation models, Indic languages, and clean-energy compute.
- Tata Group's Rs 500 Crore Pledge: Partnering with IISc to establish a medical school, blending research with clinical training.
- Corporate Sponsors at IISc: Microsoft Research India, Google, Wipro, NetApp, and VMware fund projects generating over Rs 200 crore in consultancies annually.
- New IIT Madras Centres: NTPC for cardiovascular research, BPCL for robotic surgeries, and HSBC for energy transition, showcasing sector-specific innovation.
These partnerships have led to over 400 patents filed yearly at IIT Madras alone, alongside 2,586 international publications and 400+ startups. Globally, firms like Rice University and University of Liverpool have launched seed funds with IIT Madras and IISc for AI, health, and quantum tech, amplifying impact.
For deeper insights into such models, explore the official announcement on IIT Madras summit initiatives.
Challenges Hindering Private Sector Engagement
Despite promising starts, several barriers persist. Private firms perceive low returns on investment due to lengthy commercialization timelines and intellectual property (IP) disputes. Bureaucratic hurdles in funding approvals and a mismatch between academic research and industry needs further deter participation. Higher education's fragmented ecosystem, with over 1,000 universities but limited world-class facilities, exacerbates this.
- Risk aversion: Corporates prefer short-term gains over long-gestation R&D.
- Skill gaps: Graduates often lack industry-ready skills, reducing collaboration appeal.
- Regulatory gaps: Complex tax structures and IP frameworks discourage joint ventures.
- Funding concentration: 58-60 percent of GERD goes to strategic sectors like defense, leaving civil research underfunded.
Addressing these requires streamlined regulations, tax incentives for R&D, and stronger IP protection under NEP frameworks.
Benefits of Enhanced Private Investment
Increased private funding promises multifaceted gains:
- Innovation Acceleration: Faster tech transfer from labs to markets, boosting GDP through high-value exports.
- Job Creation: Skilled roles in R&D, with higher education generating employable talent.
- Global Competitiveness: Elevating India's GII ranking and attracting FDI.
- Societal Impact: Solutions for healthcare, agriculture, and climate tailored to Indian contexts.
Studies show every Rs 1 invested in R&D yields Rs 20 in economic activity, underscoring the multiplier effect.
Path Forward: Actionable Steps for Stakeholders
Universities must prioritize industry-aligned curricula, incubators, and IP cells. Corporates should view R&D as strategic investment, leveraging ANRF incentives. Policymakers can enhance via venture funds, tax breaks (e.g., 150 percent weighted deduction revival), and PPP guidelines. For researchers, joint grants and fellowships offer entry points.
Check the RDI Fund portal for application details and opportunities.
Future Outlook: A Research-Powered Viksit Bharat
With Pradhan's clarion call, India's higher education stands at an inflection point. Achieving 2 percent GERD by 2030, with private sector at 50 percent, could propel India to innovation superpower status. Institutions like IITs, IISc, and emerging private universities will lead, fostering an ecosystem where academia fuels industry growth. As Pradhan envisions, this synergy will not only build products for Bharat but solutions for the world, ensuring equitable progress.
For those in higher education, this push signals abundant opportunities in research careers and collaborations. Explore openings to contribute to this transformative wave.
