The Pivotal Role of Greenshell Mussels in New Zealand's Economy

New Zealand's aquaculture sector stands as a cornerstone of the nation's blue economy, with Greenshell mussels, scientifically known as Perna canaliculus, leading the charge as the country's largest aquaculture product by volume. In 2023, the industry harvested over 92,000 tonnes of these iconic green-lipped mussels, generating substantial export revenue estimated at around NZ$400 million annually. This vibrant sector not only supports thousands of jobs across coastal communities but also positions New Zealand as a global leader in premium seafood exports. The government's Aquaculture Development Plan outlines an ambitious roadmap to expand the entire industry to NZ$3 billion in annual revenue by 2035, emphasizing innovation within existing marine consents rather than spatial expansion.

Central to this growth is the reliable supply and survival of mussel seed, commonly called spat. Approximately 80% of spat used in farming is wild-collected from Te Oneroa-a-Tohe, or Ninety Mile Beach in Northland, where billions of juvenile mussels attach to drift seaweed during massive natural settlement events. These spat are then transported nationwide to farms in regions like Marlborough Sounds, Coromandel, and Golden Bay. However, transitioning from beach harvest to farm integration reveals a major bottleneck: massive early-stage losses that stifle scalability.

Unpacking the Mussel Spat Survival Crisis

Mussel spat refers to the post-larval stage of Perna canaliculus, tiny juveniles roughly 10-20 days old, about 1mm in size, that have settled onto macroalgae like coralline seaweed. In the wild collection process, harvesters gather tonnes of seaweed laden with spat under a regulated quota system managed by Fisheries New Zealand. Once seeded onto farm ropes or droppers, these spat must byssally attach—producing protein threads to anchor themselves—within days to weeks. Failure here leads to dislodgement, starvation, or predation.

Farmers report losses ranging from 50% to 100% within the first months post-seeding. Causes include environmental stressors like desiccation during transport, suboptimal water flow, high seeding density leading to competition, and predation by fish species such as kahawai or trevally. These unpredictable mortalities create supply volatility, forcing over-seeding and inflating costs. For context, a single poor settlement year at Ninety Mile Beach can cascade into nationwide shortages, underscoring the urgency for research-driven solutions.

University of Auckland's New Research Illuminates a Path Forward

At the forefront of addressing this challenge is the University of Auckland's Institute of Marine Science, where marine scientist Dr. Brad Skelton has spearheaded years of applied research culminating in a landmark announcement. Recent findings highlight that high spat losses represent the single biggest constraint on Greenshell mussel sector expansion. Dr. Skelton's work, detailed in a January 2026 university release titled "The smallest losses holding back New Zealand’s biggest aquaculture ambition," quantifies how targeted interventions at the earliest farming stages could transform industry viability.

The research builds on Skelton's PhD thesis, "Solving the problem of poor spat retention on New Zealand's Greenshell™ mussel farms," and subsequent publications exploring stressors, nursery systems, and predator mitigation. Key insight: losses are not inevitable but stem from mismatches between spat behavior, attachment substrates, and farm conditions. By refining these early processes, the study projects potential revenue uplift aligning with national goals.

Key Insights from the Survival Study Methodology

Dr. Skelton's approach integrates field observations, lab experiments, and industry trials. Methodologies include assessing spat retention under varying stressors like desiccation and starvation, evaluating FLUPSY (Floating Upweller System) nurseries for protected rearing, testing anti-predator stockings, and recovering dislodged spat from farm substrates. One innovative paper, "Recovering mussel spat normally lost during seeding onto farms" (2026), demonstrates viable recapture of at-risk juveniles, boosting effective yields.

• Seeding density trials showed optimal rates minimizing competition while maximizing attachment.
• Environmental stressor experiments quantified retention drops, e.g., 38% from desiccation alone.
• FLUPSY systems improved survival by providing upwelling currents mimicking natural flows.
• Predation studies tested net weaves, revealing finer meshes reduce fish incursions without hindering growth.

These step-by-step validations emphasize scalable, low-cost adaptations integrable into existing farms, avoiding capital-intensive overhauls.

Photo by Gaurav Kumar on Unsplash

Economic Windfall: $1.8 Billion Potential Unleashed

Translating science to dollars, the study estimates that halving early spat losses could unlock NZ$3 billion (US$1.8 billion) in additional aquaculture value by enhancing production efficiency. Current mussel output hovers at NZ$500-600 million total sector value, with exports dominating. Achieving the 2035 $3 billion target requires 2-3x growth, feasible only through better resource utilization. Undercurrent News reported this projection, noting improved survival as pivotal for reliability amid wild spat variability.

Stakeholder perspectives align: MPI's strategy prioritizes performance gains, while iwi partnerships like the Ahumoana o Aotearoa Spat Research Collective blend Māori knowledge with science for sustainable harvesting. For coastal economies, this means job creation in processing, logistics, and R&D.

Dr. Brad Skelton: Bridging Academia and Industry

Dr. Skelton, a post-doctoral researcher at the University of Auckland, embodies the fusion of rigorous science and commercial acumen. His journey includes winning the Velocity $100k Challenge for enclosed nursery prototypes and collaborating via the Centre for Innovation and Entrepreneurship. "Commercial understanding helps," Skelton notes. "Engaging with end-users changes the questions you ask."

His portfolio spans 20+ publications, including "Exposure of Greenshell Mussel Spat to Sub-Lethal Stressors" and "The Impact of Seeding Density on Spat Losses." Internationally, he leads mussel scientist networks with Danish and Dutch partners, tackling global challenges like blue mussel mortalities.

Aspiring marine biologists can draw inspiration from Skelton's path—perfect for those eyeing research jobs or research assistant roles in New Zealand's vibrant higher ed sector.

Government Backing and Broader Research Ecosystem

The $6 million Endeavour Fund grant, awarded in 2025 over five years, scales Skelton's work with industry partners. This MBIE initiative underscores public investment in high-impact science. Complementary efforts include NIWA's spat tracing, SPATnz hatchery breeding aiming for NZ$81 million benefits by 2026, and iwi-led restoration like Save Our Scallops.

• Endeavour Fund: Focuses on practical spat handling protocols.
• Hatchery diversification: Reduces Ninety Mile Beach dependency.
• International ties: Knowledge exchange on nursery tech.

Challenges, Solutions, and Real-World Case Studies

Despite progress, hurdles persist: climate variability affects settlement, transport logistics stress spat, and predator hotspots vary regionally. Solutions from UoA research include:

Case study: Marlborough farms trialing FLUPSYs reported 30% better survival, per Skelton's publications. Similarly, Coromandel pilots integrated stressor-sorted spat, cutting losses by 40%.

Photo by Steven Biak Ling on Unsplash

Future Horizons for NZ Aquaculture and Academic Opportunities

Optimism abounds as research converges with policy. By 2030, integrated spat management could stabilize supply, enabling open-ocean farming and value-added products like mussel powders. Ecosystem benefits include horse mussel breeding for reef restoration, aligning economic and environmental goals.

For higher education enthusiasts, this underscores marine science's dynamism. University of Auckland's programs foster talents like Skelton, opening doors to higher ed jobs, university jobs, and NZ academic opportunities. Explore postdoc career advice or rate your professors to chart your path.

"If you can get the early stages right, you unlock possibilities much further down the line," Skelton aptly concludes.

Stakeholder Perspectives and Actionable Insights

Industry voices echo support: Aquaculture NZ highlights spat as the "foundation stone." Iwi leaders emphasize kaitiakitanga (guardianship), integrating rāhui (customary management) with data. Actionable steps for stakeholders:

• Farmers: Adopt FLUPSY trials and density monitoring.
• Researchers: Collaborate on Endeavour projects via academic CV tips.
• Policymakers: Sustain quota reforms for hatchery spat.

This multi-perspective approach promises resilient growth, blending tradition, science, and commerce.