Breakthrough UFS Research Exposes Hormone-Disrupting Chemicals in South African Sanitary Pads
A groundbreaking study from the University of the Free State (UFS) has uncovered alarming levels of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in popular menstrual products sold across South Africa. Published in the prestigious journal Science of the Total Environment on February 9, 2026, the research analyzed 16 brands of sanitary pads and seven to eight panty liners, revealing that every single product contained at least two types of these harmful substances. Led by Professor Deon Visser, Head of the UFS Department of Chemistry, alongside PhD candidate Janine Blignaut, Dr Gabre Kemp, Professor Elizabeth Erasmus, and Professor Marietjie Schutte-Smith, this investigation marks the first comprehensive examination of EDC contamination in South African menstrual hygiene items.
Menstrual products are essential for millions of women and girls in South Africa, yet this study highlights an overlooked exposure route. Even brands marketed as 'free from harmful chemicals' tested positive, sparking urgent calls for greater transparency and regulatory reform. The findings underscore UFS's pivotal role in advancing public health research through its chemistry and biochemistry expertise.
Understanding Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals: The Silent Threats in Everyday Products
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are synthetic compounds that interfere with the body's hormone systems, mimicking, blocking, or altering natural hormone functions. Phthalates, commonly used as plasticizers to increase flexibility in materials like adhesives and packaging, parabens employed as preservatives to prevent microbial growth, and bisphenols such as bisphenol A (BPA) found in plastics and resins, are among the most notorious. These chemicals do not break down easily and can leach into products during manufacturing processes like heat-pressing, migrating to the skin-contacting layers of sanitary pads.
In the context of menstrual products, exposure occurs through direct and prolonged contact with the sensitive vaginal mucosa, which absorbs substances more rapidly than regular skin—up to 10 times faster according to dermal absorption studies. Over a lifetime, this repeated use, averaging 2,500 days for many users, leads to cumulative dosing that may contribute to serious health issues.
The UFS Methodology: Rigorous Science Behind the Revelations
The UFS team employed advanced chromatographic techniques to detect and quantify 20 specific EDCs: nine phthalates, five parabens, and six bisphenols. Samples were purchased from major South African retailers, representing widely available commercial brands. Each product underwent extraction and analysis to measure concentrations, followed by calculations of estimated daily intake (EDI) based on average usage patterns—assuming 5-10 grams of product contact per day for heavy flow periods.
EDI values ranged from 2-20 nanograms per kilogram body weight per day (ng/kg-bw/day) for normal skin absorption, escalating to 8-80 ng/kg-bw/day via mucosal pathways. While individual doses appear low, the chronic nature amplifies risks, as emphasized in the study's discussion.
Shocking Results: Detection Rates and Prevalence Across Products
The data paints a clear picture of widespread contamination:
- Bisphenols detected in 100% of sanitary pads and 75% of panty liners.
- Parabens present in 85% (over 81%) of pads and 75% of liners.
- Phthalates found in 50% of pads but a staggering 100% of panty liners.
Phthalates dominated in lighter-use panty liners, likely due to higher plastic content, while bisphenols prevailed in absorbent pads. No product was free of multiple EDCs, challenging 'clean' marketing claims.
| EDC Group | Sanitary Pads (% Detection) | Panty Liners (% Detection) |
|---|---|---|
| Phthalates | 50% | 100% |
| Bisphenols | 100% | 75% |
| Parabens | 85% | 75% |
This table illustrates the ubiquity, prompting Professor Visser to state, 'Our study highlights a concerning reality... even when marketed as 'free from harmful chemicals'.'
Health Risks: From Hormonal Chaos to Long-Term Consequences
Phthalates are linked to reduced fertility, developmental issues in children, and increased endometriosis risk. Parabens mimic estrogen, potentially elevating breast cancer odds, while bisphenols like BPA correlate with metabolic disorders, obesity, and thyroid dysfunction. In menstrual products, vaginal exposure heightens these dangers due to the area's vascularity.
For South African women, where menstruation begins around age 12 and lasts 40+ years, cumulative effects could exacerbate reproductive health burdens already strained by HIV prevalence and limited access to care. Studies globally affirm these links, with one systematic review confirming EDCs in diverse menstrual items worldwide.
South Africa's Menstrual Hygiene Landscape: Access and Equity Challenges
In South Africa, approximately 11 million women use disposable pads monthly, but access remains uneven—especially in rural areas where 30% of girls miss school during periods due to lack of products. Government initiatives like free sanitary pads for schools help, yet quality concerns persist. This UFS study, inspired by radio discussions on access, bridges hygiene equity with safety research.Explore higher education opportunities in South Africa.
Regulatory Shortfalls: Why South Africa Lags Behind
The South African Bureau of Standards (SABS) SANS 1043 standard governs pads for absorbency and microbiology but ignores chemical contaminants. Cosmetics regulations under the Foodstuffs, Cosmetics and Disinfectants Act classify menstrual products loosely, without EDC bans. Unlike the EU's strict phthalate limits in toys or REACH framework, SA lacks mandatory disclosure. Researchers urge alignment with international norms like OEKO-TEX.
Read the full UFS press release
A Global Issue: Echoes from International Studies
The UFS findings align with worldwide research. A 2023 systematic review identified phthalates, phenols, and parabens in tampons, pads, and liners globally. US studies detected metals like lead and arsenic in tampons, plus PFAS and phthalates. Europe reports similar contamination, fueling bans in some regions.
Stakeholder Perspectives: Voices from Industry, Advocacy, and Academia
While industry has not yet responded publicly to the fresh UFS data, past controversies prompted some brands to pledge 'phthalate-free' formulations—though unverified. Advocacy groups like CANSA (Cancer Association of South Africa) highlight phthalates' cancer links. Professor Visser advocates, 'Manufacturers should disclose all chemicals... even below daily limits.'
Empowering Choices: Safer Alternatives and Certifications
Consumers can prioritize OEKO-TEX Standard 100 certified products, independently tested for harmful substances. Reusable cloth pads, menstrual cups, and period underwear offer viable options, reducing waste and exposure. UFS is innovating with antimicrobial reusables.
- Check labels for full ingredient lists.
- Opt for organic cotton or bamboo-based items.
- Support local innovations from universities like UFS.
For careers advancing such research, consider research assistant jobs in higher ed.
UFS's Leadership in Public Health Research
This study exemplifies UFS's commitment to impactful, interdisciplinary research. The Chemistry Department's analytical prowess positions it as a hub for environmental toxicology. Aspiring researchers can contribute via faculty positions or PhD programs, addressing SA's unique challenges.
Looking Ahead: Policy Reforms, Monitoring, and Research Frontiers
The UFS team recommends ongoing surveillance, mandatory labeling, and EDC-specific standards. Policymakers could emulate EU models, while universities expand studies on tampons and cups. Actionable steps include:
- Petition for SABS updates.
- Fund reusable product R&D.
- Promote health education in schools.
For career advice in this field, visit higher ed career advice. Explore rate my professor for UFS insights or higher ed jobs in research.
This UFS study not only safeguards women's health but elevates South African higher education's global voice in science.
Photo by Pawel Czerwinski on Unsplash