The Spread of Invasive Mesquite in South African Drylands

Invasive mesquite plants, scientifically known as Neltuma juliflora (formerly Prosopis juliflora), have become a major ecological challenge across South Africa's arid and semi-arid regions, particularly in the Northern Cape province. Introduced in the 1880s from South America to combat soil erosion, provide shade, and supply fuelwood, these hardy trees have since proliferated uncontrollably along riverbanks, floodplains, and grazing lands. Unlike native vegetation that goes dormant during dry spells, mesquite remains active year-round, aggressively competing for resources and transforming once-productive rangelands into dense thickets. This invasion not only depletes precious water reserves—each mature tree can consume up to 7 liters per day—but recent university-led research highlights devastating effects on soil health that exacerbate land degradation.

The Northern Cape, where agriculture accounts for 8% of provincial GDP and employs 16% of the workforce, bears the brunt of this crisis. Pastoralist communities and smallholder farmers report shrinking grazing areas, malnourished livestock, and drying boreholes, underscoring the urgency of scientific intervention from institutions like Sol Plaatje University and the University of the Free State.

Breakthrough Research from Sol Plaatje University

A pivotal study published in December 2025 in the African Journal of Range & Forage Science by Siviwe Odwa Malongweni and colleagues from Sol Plaatje University has unveiled the full extent of mesquite's soil damage. Titled "Invasion of Neltuma juliflora (mesquite) and its effects on soil physicochemical properties in a semi-arid rangeland of South Africa," the research compared soil samples beneath mesquite canopies and open areas with those under native Vachellia karroo trees in the Northern Cape's semi-arid rangelands.

Conducted at sites representative of invaded floodplains, the investigation sampled soils at two depths (0-15 cm and 15-30 cm) across invaded and uninvaded zones. This work builds on Sol Plaatje University's Centre for Global Change initiatives, positioning the institution as a leader in addressing regional environmental threats through rigorous fieldwork and laboratory analysis. Such studies not only inform policy but also train the next generation of ecologists and soil scientists, with opportunities in higher education research jobs at South African universities.

Key Findings: How Mesquite Alters Soil Properties

The study revealed stark differences in soil physicochemical properties. Under mesquite canopies, soils exhibited higher pH levels, increased salinity, and compacted textures compared to native-dominated areas. Total nitrogen (TN) was significantly lower beneath mesquite (p < 0.05), while phosphorus availability decreased, hindering nutrient cycling essential for grass growth. Soil organic carbon stocks were disrupted, with mesquite's slow-decomposing litter—rich in tannins—limiting microbial activity and organic matter buildup.

Texture analysis showed higher clay content and reduced porosity in invaded soils, promoting water runoff and erosion. Exchangeable bases like calcium (Ca²⁺) and magnesium (Mg²⁺) dropped by up to 39.9%, and sodium percentage declined by 21.6%, altering cation exchange capacity. These changes extend beyond surface layers, as mesquite's extensive taproots (up to 60 meters deep) deplete subsoil nutrients, creating legacy effects even after removal.

In contrast, soils under Vachellia karroo maintained balanced nutrients, better moisture retention, and friable structure, supporting diverse understory vegetation. This comparative approach underscores mesquite's role in fostering infertile, compacted soils ill-suited for rangeland productivity.

Nutrient Imbalance and Compaction Mechanisms

Mesquite, a nitrogen-fixing legume, paradoxically contributes to nutrient imbalances. While it enriches surface nitrogen via leaf fall, its allelopathic compounds inhibit decomposition, trapping nutrients and reducing availability for competitors. Phosphorus depletion occurs through root uptake, with studies noting 24.2% lower exchangeable sodium in invaded zones. Compaction arises from heavy canopy interception of rainfall and root proliferation, forming hardpans that impede infiltration—critical in regions receiving <300 mm annual precipitation.

• Higher soil pH (alkalinization by 1.5+ units)
• Increased salinity from soluble salts
• Reduced porosity and aeration
• Lower microbial biomass due to tannin inhibition

Implications for Rangeland Ecosystems and Biodiversity

Beyond soil, mesquite invasion cascades through ecosystems. Reduced grass cover exposes soils to erosion, diminishing carbon sequestration and biodiversity. Native species like Acacia erioloba decline, replaced by monocultures that heighten fire risks and alter microclimates. Wildlife habitats fragment, affecting pollinators and herbivores reliant on diverse forage.

In the Kalahari and Nama Karoo, these shifts compound climate stressors—hotter temperatures, erratic rains—amplifying desertification. University of the Free State researchers, collaborating with Sol Plaatje U, emphasize restoration's role in rebuilding soil microbial communities and native plant diversity.

Photo by David Clode on Unsplash

Socio-Economic Toll on Northern Cape Communities

For South Africa's pastoralists, mesquite spells economic hardship. Grazing land shrinks by 50-70% in heavy infestations, forcing herd reductions and longer treks to forage. Livestock malnutrition rises, with Northern Cape reports of extreme cases amid minimal grass. Water points dry faster, threatening human and animal survival.

This vulnerability deepens rural poverty, where limited alternatives exacerbate inequality. Yet, university extension programs offer hope, training locals in monitoring and utilizing invasives, fostering resilient livelihoods. Explore South African university jobs in agricultural extension for such impactful roles.

Contributions from South African Higher Education Institutions

South African universities drive anti-mesquite research. Sol Plaatje University's Centre for Global Change leads with Malongweni's study, integrating GIS mapping and soil labs. University of the Free State (Johan van Tol) contributes soil science expertise, while North-West University (NWU) has probed Prosopis velutina along the Molopo River, finding similar compaction and nutrient shifts.

Agricultural Research Council partners with academia, but universities train researchers via MSc/PhD programs in invasion biology. These efforts align with national Working for Water, producing graduates for env management. Career advice for aspiring soil scientists is vital here.

Historical Context: Decades of University-Led Insights

Research spans decades: Stellenbosch University (2011) documented vegetation cover loss post-clearing; NWU (2021) linked P. velutina to riverine soil changes. Recent reviews synthesize: mesquite raises pH, salinity, depletes P despite N-fixation. Cumulative evidence urges integrated management.

Strategies for Management and Restoration

Clearing demands mechanical removal, herbicides, and follow-up—costly at R50,000/ha but essential. Biological agents like Larvae aulmanniana target seeds. Post-clearing, university protocols recommend biochar from mesquite wood to amend soils, boosting pH balance and carbon.

• Early detection via drone surveys (UFS tech)
• Community-led eradication with training
• Native grass reseeding for soil stabilization
• Monitoring via soil health indices

Sol Plaatje U pilots community biochar projects, linking research to action.

Repurposing Mesquite: From Threat to Resource

Innovation turns foe to ally: pods yield protein-rich feed (30% protein), flour for baking; wood for charcoal (high calorific value). Biochar restores degraded soils, sequestering carbon. Universities like UFS develop value chains, creating jobs in processing—ideal for faculty positions in sustainable agri.

Photo by Jordan Collins on Unsplash

Future Outlook and Call for Collaborative Research

Climate change favors mesquite, demanding accelerated clearing (SA targets 1M ha by 2030). Universities must expand PhD programs in invasion ecology, partnering with IUCN. Actionable insights: invest in soil rehab, empower communities, scale repurposing. For careers, rate your professors, browse higher ed jobs, and seek career advice in env sciences. South African higher ed leads the fight—join the restoration revolution.