Groundbreaking UFS Research Uncovers Hormone-Disrupting Chemicals in South African Menstrual Products

A recent study from the University of the Free State (UFS) has sent shockwaves through public health circles by revealing the presence of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in popular sanitary pads and pantyliners sold across South Africa. Published in the prestigious journal Science of the Total Environment, the research analyzed 16 brands of sanitary pads and eight types of pantyliners, finding that every single product contained at least two of these potentially harmful substances. Led by a team of dedicated UFS scientists including PhD candidate Janine Blignaut, Dr. Gabre Kemp, Prof. Elizabeth Erasmus, Prof. Deon Visser, and Prof. Marietjie Schutte-Smith, this investigation marks the first comprehensive examination of EDC contamination in menstrual products available in the South African market.

Menstrual products are essential for millions of women and girls in South Africa, where an estimated 7 million learners experience period poverty, often missing school due to lack of access. Yet, the intimate and prolonged contact these products have with sensitive vaginal mucosa raises critical questions about safety. Prof. Deon Visser, Head of the UFS Department of Chemistry, emphasized, “Our study highlights a concerning reality regarding the safety of menstrual products. Many sanitary pads and liners contain hormone-disrupting chemicals, even when they are marketed as being ‘free from harmful chemicals’.”

This discovery not only spotlights potential health risks but also underscores the vital role of South African universities like UFS in advancing toxicology research and consumer protection. For those pursuing careers in higher education research, opportunities abound in fields like environmental chemistry and public health at institutions such as UFS—explore research jobs to contribute to such impactful work.

Understanding Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals: The Silent Threat

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are synthetic compounds that interfere with the body's hormone system, mimicking, blocking, or altering natural hormone functions. Common EDCs include phthalates (plasticizers used for flexibility), parabens (preservatives), and bisphenols (such as bisphenol A or BPA, found in plastics and resins). These chemicals are ubiquitous in everyday products, from cosmetics to food packaging, but their presence in menstrual items is particularly alarming due to direct skin and mucosal contact.

Phthalates, for instance, are esters of phthalic acid added to plastics to increase durability. Parabens, alkyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, prevent microbial growth. Bisphenols link polymer units in polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. When absorbed, they can lead to bioaccumulation over time, especially through repeated exposure during menstrual cycles spanning decades.

In the UFS study, researchers targeted 20 specific EDCs: nine phthalates, five parabens, and six bisphenols. The analysis used advanced chromatographic techniques to detect and quantify these at trace levels, revealing widespread contamination even in products claiming to be 'clean'.

The Rigorous Methodology of the UFS Study

The UFS team purchased commonly available sanitary pads and pantyliners from South African retailers, representing a diverse range of brands, including those labeled as chemical-free. Samples were extracted and analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), standard methods for detecting organic pollutants at nanogram levels.

Daily dermal exposure was estimated using formulas accounting for product usage (e.g., 5-10g pad weight per use, absorption rates for mucosal tissue 4x higher than skin). Results showed estimated intakes of 2-20 ng/kg body weight/day for normal skin and 8-80 ng/kg for vaginal exposure—low per use but cumulative over a lifetime.

This step-by-step approach—from sample collection to risk assessment—exemplifies the high standards of university-led research, providing robust data for policymakers. Aspiring researchers can find similar projects in South Africa's vibrant academic sector; check higher ed jobs for openings in analytical chemistry.

Detailed Findings: Which Chemicals and How Prevalent?

The results were unequivocal: 100% of pantyliners contained phthalates, 75% bisphenols, and 75% parabens. For sanitary pads, bisphenols were universal (100%), with 85% containing parabens and 50% phthalates. Phthalates dominated in lighter liners, likely from plastic backings, while bisphenols prevailed in thicker pads, possibly from adhesives or manufacturing.

• Phthalates: Detected in all pantyliners; key types like DEHP linked to reproductive harm.
• Bisphenols: Found in every pad; BPA notorious for estrogenic activity.
• Parabens: High across both; methylparaben and propylparaben most common.

Even 'organic' or 'natural' claims didn't guarantee absence, as chemicals can migrate during heat-pressing processes. Full study details are available here.

Health Risks: From Hormonal Imbalance to Long-Term Consequences

EDCs pose risks by altering estrogen, androgen, and thyroid signaling. Phthalates are tied to reduced fertility, endometriosis, and genital malformations in males. Parabens mimic estrogen, potentially raising breast cancer risk. Bisphenols disrupt metabolism, contributing to obesity, diabetes, and reproductive cancers.

In South Africa, where women use products daily for 3-7 days monthly over 40 years, cumulative exposure via highly absorbent vaginal tissue amplifies dangers. Vulnerable groups include adolescents starting menstruation and women in period poverty using substandard substitutes.

UFS researchers warn of 'overlooked toxic exposure,' urging vigilance.PubMed abstract.

Photo by Storyzangu Hub on Unsplash

South Africa's Period Poverty Crisis and Product Reliance

Period poverty affects over 7 million South African girls, with 30% missing school monthly. Government initiatives since 2019 provide free pads to low-income learners, but quality oversight lags. Women spend up to 13% of income on products continent-wide, pushing many to reusables without hygiene assurance.

This UFS study intersects higher education with social equity, highlighting how research informs policy. For careers bridging academia and public service, visit South Africa university jobs.

Regulatory Landscape: Gaps in South African Standards

South Africa's SABS SANS 1043 standard tests pads for absorbency and microbiology but ignores EDCs. No mandatory disclosure of phthalates or bisphenols exists, unlike EU REACH regulations restricting certain phthalates. UFS calls for chemical listing and limits, even below daily thresholds.

Globally, California bans PFAS in periods products from 2026; SA could follow with university-backed evidence.

Industry Reactions and Paths Forward

While brands haven't named responded publicly, the study urges transparency. Prof. Visser advocates OEKO-TEX Standard 100 certification, verifying absence of harmful substances.

UFS is innovating antimicrobial reusable pads, showcasing higher ed's solution role.

Safer Alternatives Available in South Africa

• ANNA Organic Pads: Locally made from 100% cotton and plant fibers, biodegradable.
• Reusable cloth pads: Washable, cost-effective long-term.
• Menstrual cups: Silicone, up to 10-year lifespan.

Switching reduces exposure; reusables cut lifetime costs dramatically. UFS news here.

UFS's Leadership in Toxicology and Higher Education Research

UFS's Centre for Toxicology Research exemplifies South African higher ed excellence, training PhDs like Blignaut for public health challenges. This study builds on prior work, positioning UFS as a leader. Explore higher ed career advice or professor jobs to join such teams.

Photo by Francisco Venâncio on Unsplash

Global Context and Lessons for South Africa

Similar US studies found phthalates/parabens in 85%+ products; EU studies confirm risks. SA's study fills African data gap, aiding international advocacy.

Future Directions: Actionable Insights and Research Needs

Key recommendations:

• Mandate EDC testing/labeling.
• Fund reusables in aid programs.
• Expand longitudinal health studies.

For engagement, visit Rate My Professor, higher ed jobs, university jobs, or career advice. UFS research paves the way for safer futures.