The CSIR-Immobazyme Breakthrough: Scaling FGF-2 Production for Cultured Meat

South Africa's Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), a premier public research organization, has achieved a pivotal advancement in collaboration with biotech startup Immobazyme. Announced on March 10, 2026, the partnership successfully scaled the production of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2), a critical protein essential for cell proliferation in lab-grown meat production. This milestone marks the first time South Africa has demonstrated industrial-scale manufacturing of this growth factor, transitioning from lab bench to 50-litre bioreactors at CSIR's Biomanufacturing Industry Development Centre (BIDC) in Pretoria.

FGF-2 acts as a signaling molecule that instructs animal stem cells—taken from sources like cow muscle or chicken tissue—to multiply and differentiate into structured meat tissues. Previously, such growth factors were imported at high costs, comprising up to 90% of media expenses in cultured meat processes. By localizing production, this breakthrough slashes costs and positions South Africa as a potential exporter in the global cellular agriculture supply chain.

Understanding Lab-Grown Meat: From Stem Cell to Steak

Lab-grown meat, also known as cultured or cultivated meat, represents a paradigm shift in protein production. The process begins with a small biopsy from a living animal, isolating satellite stem cells. These cells are placed in a nutrient-rich bioreactor—a large vessel mimicking a biological womb—with a specialized growth medium containing amino acids, vitamins, sugars, and growth factors like FGF-2.

Step-by-step:

1. Cell Proliferation: FGF-2 and similar factors (e.g., insulin-like growth factor or IGF) stimulate rapid division, expanding a few cells into billions.
2. Differentiation: Cells are directed to form muscle (myocytes), fat (adipocytes), and connective tissue scaffolds.
3. Maturation: Bioreactors control pH, oxygen, temperature, and shear forces to mature tissues into edible forms like minced meat or structured cuts.
4. Harvesting: No slaughter required; the product is pure animal tissue, structurally identical to conventional meat.

This technology promises sustainability: studies project up to 96% less water use, drastic greenhouse gas reductions, and elimination of antibiotics prevalent in factory farming.

CSIR's Technical Expertise: Precision Fermentation at Scale

Immobazyme engineered Escherichia coli bacteria to produce FGF-2 intracellularly. CSIR's Biosciences team optimized the upstream (fermentation) and downstream (purification) processes. Starting in sterile flasks, the culture scaled to 50-litre drums, where bacteria grew exponentially under precise conditions—nutrient feeds, aeration, and pH monitoring.

Harvesting involved lysing cells mechanically, centrifuging debris, and purifying via chromatography to yield high-purity FGF-2 powder. Dr. Veshara Ramdas, CSIR biotechnology expert, noted: "For the first time in South Africa, we demonstrated this at 50-litre scale, yielding commercially viable product."

Funded by the Department of Science, Innovation and Technology (DSIT) and Technology Innovation Agency (TIA), this aligns with SA's Biomanufacturing Programme, fostering biotech sovereignty.

South Africa's Livestock Crisis: Why Cultured Meat Matters Now

South Africa grapples with severe livestock challenges exacerbating food insecurity. Recurrent droughts, like the 2015-2019 El Niño event, decimated herds, costing billions and spiking beef prices. Water scarcity limits feed production; livestock farming consumes 70% of agricultural water yet contributes only 3% to GDP.

Emissions from SA's 13 million cattle rival industrial sectors, while diseases like foot-and-mouth (2022 outbreak) disrupt exports. Cultured meat offers resilience: localized production bypasses climate vulnerabilities, supports protein needs for 60 million people, and creates biotech jobs in underserved areas.

Environmental and Health Wins: A Sustainable Alternative

Traditional meat production in SA emits 58 Mt CO2-equivalent annually. Cultured meat could cut this by 78-96%, per lifecycle analyses, while using 82-96% less land and water.GFI analysis Health benefits include antibiotic-free meat, countering SA's AMR crisis where 27,000 die yearly from resistant infections.

Immobazyme's FGF-2 reduces reliance on fetal bovine serum (FBS), an ethical and costly byproduct of slaughterhouses. Nick Enslin, Immobazyme co-founder, emphasized: "90% of lab-grown meat costs stem from growth factors; local production changes the game."

Economic Ripple Effects: Biotech Boom for SA

The global cultured meat market, valued at $65M in 2023, eyes $6.5B by 2033 (CAGR 58%). SA's segment could hit $91M by 2030. CSIR's BIDC enables startups like Immobazyme to access world-class facilities, training 100+ biotech pros yearly.

Other players: Newform Foods (formerly Mzansi Meat, Africa's first cultivated burger in 2022) builds a demo facility; their platform accelerates scaling. This could spawn a R10B industry, exporting FGF-2 globally and upskilling youth in biomanufacturing.

Challenges Ahead: Regulation, Acceptance, and Scaling

• Regulation: No dedicated framework; novel foods fall under R638 (Foodstuffs Act). Labeling debates mirror plant-based rules (R.6436, 2025).
• Consumer Neophobia: SA studies show moderate acceptance, tied to livestock culture; education key.
• Scaling Costs: FGF-2 cuts media costs (from $1900+/kg), but full bioreactors need 1000L+.

SA in Global Context: From Singapore to Upside Foods

Singapore approved chicken (2020), US (2023). SA lags but FGF-2 positions it as media supplier. Unlike Israel (Aleph Farms) or US (Upside), SA leverages low energy costs and CSIR expertise.

Newform Foods eyes commercial pilots by 2027.

Photo by Sincerely Media on Unsplash

Future Outlook: Towards SA's First Cultured Steak

CSIR plans more growth factors; Immobazyme eyes exports. With TIA funding, pilots could yield products by 2028, aiding food security amid 30% youth unemployment. CSIR's role bridges research to industry, training via universities like Wits, UCT.

This breakthrough underscores SA's biotech potential, blending innovation with necessity.