USP Scientific Reports Study: PM2.5 Exposure Increases Kidney Hospitalization Risk in São Paulo

Demystifying PM2.5: What It Is and Why It Matters for Kidney Health

PM2.5 refers to fine particulate matter with particles smaller than 2.5 micrometers in diameter—about 30 times thinner than a human hair. These tiny pollutants, originating from vehicle exhaust, industrial emissions, biomass burning, and wildfires, can penetrate deep into the lungs and bloodstream, triggering systemic inflammation and oxidative stress. 24 In the kidneys, this leads to endothelial dysfunction, glomerular injury, and accelerated progression of diseases like CKD, where kidney function declines irreversibly over time, often culminating in the need for dialysis or transplantation.

In São Paulo, average annual PM2.5 concentrations hovered around 15.9 µg/m³ in 2024, exceeding the World Health Organization's (WHO) guideline of 5 µg/m³ by a factor of three. 0 Peaks during wildfire seasons or traffic congestion can spike to 65 µg/m³, as noted in the USP study, posing acute threats even to seemingly healthy individuals.

The Rigorous Science: How USP Researchers Conducted the Study

The team employed advanced statistical models, including generalized additive models (GAMs) and negative binomial regression with distributed lag non-linear models (DLNMs), to dissect the relationship between daily PM2.5 levels, meteorological factors like temperature and humidity, and 37,170 kidney-related hospital admissions in São Paulo. 85 Data sourced from the São Paulo State Environmental Agency (CETESB) for PM2.5 and hospital registries categorized admissions by age, sex, and diagnosis: CKD, acute kidney injury (AKI), glomerulopathy, and membranous nephropathy.

This decade-long dataset (2011–2021) allowed for capturing both short-term spikes and chronic exposure effects, controlling for confounders like weekends and holidays. The collaboration between IAG-USP atmospheric experts and FMUSP nephrologists exemplifies how Brazilian higher education fosters cross-disciplinary innovation. 65

Alarming Results: Quantified Risks from PM2.5 Exposure

The study pinpointed stark risk elevations. For CKD, hospitalization odds rose 1–4 times (95% CI: 1.009–1.18) across exposures. Prolonged high-level exposure (65 µg/m³) yielded relative risks (RR) of 1.01 (95% CI: 1.005–1.015) and 1.013 (95% CI: 1.01–1.018) for ages 19–50, escalating to 1.025 (95% CI: 1.015–1.032)—over 2.5 times higher—for men aged 51–75. 85

AKI risks peaked for younger working-age men, while glomerulopathy—damage to kidney filters—hit hardest under-40s, with RR up to 1.07 at peak PM2.5. Membranous nephropathy risks accumulated universally, signaling broad vulnerability. 85

Who Is Most at Risk? Demographic Breakdowns

• Men consistently showed higher susceptibility across CKD, AKI, and glomerulopathy, possibly due to occupational exposures or biological factors.
• Ages 19–50 faced amplified AKI risks from prolonged high PM2.5, relevant for São Paulo's bustling workforce.
• Older men (51–75) bore the brunt of CKD escalations, aligning with Brazil's aging population where CKD prevalence nears 11% in São Paulo. 65
• Young adults under 40 saw glomerulopathy spikes even at moderate 15 µg/m³ levels (RR: 1.02; 95% CI: 1.007–1.025).

These insights demand targeted interventions, like enhanced monitoring in high-traffic zones near universities and hospitals.

São Paulo's Air Pollution Landscape: Sources and Trends

São Paulo's 12 million residents contend with PM2.5 from vehicles (over 40% of emissions), industries, and seasonal wildfires—exacerbated in 2025 with São Paulo state recording 8,712 hotspots, the highest since 1998. 47 54 CETESB monitors show occasional improvements, but 2024 averages remain hazardous. Traffic in the megacity's gridlock contributes dominantly, with biomass burning from surrounding regions worsening winter peaks. 45

Brazil-wide, CKD hospitalizations strain the SUS public health system, with southern surveys indicating 11.4% prevalence. 78 Linking these to PM2.5 positions USP research at the forefront.

Building on Legacy: Prior USP and Brazilian University Research

FMUSP's Prof. Lucia Andrade has long pioneered this field, with a 2021 FAPESP-funded project probing PM2.5's role in kidney aging—now validated by this hospitalization study. 65 Earlier works linked air pollution to renal ischemia-reperfusion injury, reinforcing PM2.5's nephrotoxic profile. 37 UTFPR contributes atmospheric modeling expertise, fostering national collaborations.

Such efforts position Brazilian universities as global leaders in environmental nephrology, attracting funding and talent. For aspiring researchers, explore research jobs in atmospheric sciences or nephrology at institutions like USP.

Public Health Ramifications and Calls for Policy Reform

With 55% of analyzed cases male and risks compounding over time, unchecked PM2.5 could overwhelm São Paulo's hospitals. Brazil's CONAMA standards lag WHO guidelines; the study urges stricter vehicle emission controls (Proconve updates) and wildfire mitigation. 85

• Enhance CETESB monitoring with real-time PM2.5 alerts.
• Promote electric vehicles and green corridors near high-risk areas.
• Integrate kidney health screenings in polluted zones.

Reducing PM2.5 by 5 µg/m³ could avert thousands of deaths citywide, per prior estimates. 62 Visit the full study for details.

Charting the Future: Research Avenues and Academic Opportunities

Future probes might explore molecular pathways via animal models or longitudinal cohorts at USP. International ties with Amsterdam UMC signal expanding horizons for Brazilian postdocs.

For students and professionals, this underscores booming demand in higher ed: lecturer positions in public health or faculty roles in environmental engineering. Check lecturer jobs or professor jobs on AcademicJobs.com, especially in São Paulo. Career advice at higher-ed-career-advice can guide your path.

Empowering Action: Protecting Kidneys Amid Air Pollution

While systemic change is vital, individuals can mitigate risks: use N95 masks on high-pollution days, support green policies, and monitor health via apps. Rate professors leading this charge at Rate My Professor, pursue higher ed jobs tackling these issues, or seek university jobs in Brazil. USP's work inspires a healthier future—stay informed and engaged.