China's Shift to Practical PhDs: Prototypes Replace Publications to Combat Paper Mills and Plagiarism

In a bold move to redefine doctoral education, China is pioneering practical PhDs where engineering candidates can graduate by developing functional prototypes rather than submitting traditional dissertations. This reform, driven by the need to tackle rampant paper mills and plagiarism, emphasizes real-world innovation over publication counts. As Chinese universities like Harbin Institute of Technology and Southeast University award the first such degrees, the shift promises to cultivate elite engineers for strategic industries amid global tech rivalries. 73 70

🔧 The Roots of Reform: Combating Publish-or-Perish Culture

China's doctoral system has long prioritized academic publications, with many PhD programs mandating papers in high-impact journals like those indexed in the Science Citation Index for graduation. This 'publish or perish' mentality fueled a booming underground economy of paper mills—operations selling fabricated data, ghostwritten articles, and authorship slots. In 2025 alone, China accounted for 40% of global retractions, totaling over 4,544 papers worldwide, highlighting the crisis. 93 Plagiarism scandals and manipulated peer reviews eroded trust, prompting government crackdowns including nationwide audits and penalties on universities failing to supervise researchers. 72

The revised Degree Law, effective January 1, 2025, marked a turning point by permitting graduation based on practical achievements. This legal shift dismantled publication quotas, cash bonuses for papers, and citation-based evaluations, redirecting focus to tangible innovations.Crafting a strong academic CV now values prototypes alongside publications for aspiring researchers in China.

Pioneering Universities Leading the Charge

Top engineering powerhouses are at the forefront. Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), one of China's 'Seven Sons of National Defence,' piloted the model with Wei Lianfeng, who graduated in September 2025 after developing vacuum laser welding processes and equipment. Evaluated by industry experts, his oral defense showcased scalable real-world application. 71

Southeast University's Zheng Hehui followed suit, inventing Lego-like reinforced steel blocks now used in the Changtai Yangtze River Bridge pylons—a cable-stayed structure spanning rail and road. Tsinghua University has enrolled 1,430 students across 56 companies in 14 sectors, yielding over 100 patents. Other leaders include Northwestern Polytechnical University partnering with defense giants and Dalian University of Technology. 73 Over the past three years, 50 graduate colleges have been established nationwide.

• Harbin Institute of Technology: Vacuum laser welding tech
• Southeast University: Bridge pylon blocks
• Tsinghua University: Multi-sector patents
• Northwestern Polytechnical University: Defense collaborations

These institutions pair academic supervisors with industry veterans, ensuring prototypes address 'technological chokepoints' like semiconductors and AI.Explore research jobs in China's thriving engineering sector.

How Practical PhDs Work: From Enrollment to Defense

Candidates enroll via joint university-enterprise programs targeting 18 critical fields. Dual mentorship—one professor, one practitioner—guides development of prototypes, new techniques, or systems solving industrial bottlenecks. No mandatory papers; focus is on engineering designs, apparatus, or scalable solutions. 71

Evaluation involves oral exams before mixed panels assessing functionality, scalability, and impact. Since September 2025, at least 11 engineering PhDs have graduated this way, with 67 from the first cohort applying.Nature on first practical PhDs details the process. 73 Currently limited to engineering, the 2024 law opens doors for expansion.

Benefits: Bridging Academia and Industry

This model aligns PhDs with national priorities, fostering self-reliance amid US tech restrictions. Students gain hands-on skills, patents, and employability; enterprises access innovations. Tsinghua's partnerships solved real problems, boosting China's ~90,000 annual PhDs toward practical impact. 72

• Reduces paper mill incentives by de-emphasizing publications
• Enhances rigor through industry validation
• Accelerates tech transfer via prototypes
• Cultivates 'elite engineers' for AI, quantum, defense

Experts like Li Jiang from Nanjing University note it fills the theory-practice gap.Higher ed opportunities in China are evolving rapidly.

Photo by Liam Read on Unsplash

Challenges and Criticisms: Ensuring Academic Integrity

Critics worry prototypes may sideline theoretical depth, complicating objective grading versus theses. Risks include new metrics gaming, like patent inflation, or bias in industry panels. Limited to engineering now, humanities remain thesis-bound. Guo Tong from Southeast University calls it 'urgently needed' but stresses balanced implementation. 73

Ongoing crackdowns, like NSFC's 46 sanctions in 2026, support the shift.SCMP on HIT pilot 71

Case Studies: Real-World Success Stories

Wei Lianfeng's welding innovation at HIT demonstrates scalability in manufacturing. Zheng Hehui's blocks, applied to a major bridge, prove infrastructure impact. Fire-fighting systems for seaplanes highlight aerospace advances. These cases show prototypes delivering immediate value.

With 20,000+ students in pilots, outcomes include patents and industry adoption.Find research positions leveraging these skills.

Broader Impacts on Chinese Higher Education

Reforms since 2010 have built 50 colleges, integrating universities with enterprises. This boosts rankings—Zhejiang University tops Leiden 2025 for research—while curbing misconduct. PhD quality rises as volume meets impact.Professor jobs in China emphasize practical expertise.

Global Perspectives and Future Outlook

Influencing nations like India facing similar issues, China's model sparks debate on redefining doctorates. Expansion to more fields looms, supporting 'Made in China 2025' goals. By 2030, practical PhDs could dominate engineering.University World News coverage 70

For global academics, higher ed jobs in China offer cutting-edge opportunities.

Navigating the New Landscape: Advice for Aspiring PhDs

Prospective students should seek dual-mentored programs, prioritize scalable prototypes, and document impact. Check university sites for pilots. This reform enhances career prospects in tech hubs.Higher ed career advice can guide transitions.

Photo by Lan Lin on Unsplash

• Research eligible universities
• Build industry networks early
• Focus on national priority tech
• Prepare rigorous defenses

In summary, China's practical PhD revolution counters paper mills with prototypes, promising innovative talent. Explore Rate My Professor, higher ed jobs, career advice, and university jobs to join this transformation. Share your thoughts in comments below.