The tragic death of Bikram Lama, a 32-year-old Nepali international student, has sent shockwaves through Australia's higher education sector, prompting urgent calls for a coronial inquest and sweeping reforms to better protect vulnerable students. Lama's body was discovered in bushes near Sydney's St James Station in early December 2025, after lying unnoticed for nearly a week amid a heatwave and heavy commuter traffic of around 100,000 people daily. Known locally as the 'birdman' for his daily ritual of feeding pigeons in Hyde Park, Lama had arrived in Australia over a decade earlier to pursue computer science studies, funded by his family selling farmland back home. His story underscores the precarious position many international students find themselves in, highlighting gaps in welfare support that universities and policymakers must address.
Lama's path from aspiring student to rough sleeper illustrates the perfect storm of financial pressures, visa limitations, and isolation that can derail lives. Despite paying full international fees—often triple those of domestic students—many like him face work hour restrictions, soaring living costs, and limited access to public services. As non-permanent residents, they are ineligible for Centrelink payments, social housing, or Medicare, leaving them reliant on overstretched charities and private support. In Sydney's CBD alone, rough sleeping rose 24 percent in 2025 to 346 cases, with 18 percent involving non-Australian residents, according to City of Sydney data.
Timeline of a Forgotten Life
Bikram Lama left his remote village in Nepal's Makwanpur district in 2013, his family sacrificing nine kattha of land to cover tuition and living expenses. Initial contact was sporadic, tapering to nothing over seven years. His student visa expired without pathway to permanency, stranding him in limbo. By 2024, he was a fixture at St James tunnel, surviving on breadcrumbs for pigeons and occasional kindness from fellow rough sleepers and buskers. During a December heatwave, he succumbed—cause undetermined pending coronial review—his decomposed body found by station staff on December 7. Police referred the non-suspicious death to the NSW Coroner, who awaits a full brief. Nepal's foreign ministry facilitated DNA identification in March 2026, but his family awaits repatriation, unable to afford costs.
This timeline reveals systemic blind spots. Commuters streamed past, eyes on phones, while pigeons mourned his absence by flocking unusually. Former rough sleeper Joe Trueman recalled sharing coffees, noting Lama's quiet routine. St Vincent’s Hospital outreach worker Erin Longbottom called him an 'invisible person,' emblematic of non-residents falling through cracks.
Vulnerabilities Facing International Students
Australia hosts over 700,000 international students annually, generating billions for universities amid declining domestic enrolments. Yet welfare lags. Visa subclass 500 limits work to 48 hours per fortnight during term, insufficient against rents averaging AUD 600 weekly in Sydney. One in five fears homelessness, per surveys, with one in three struggling to eat properly. Mental health fares worse: studies show international students report anxiety at 2.4-43 percent and depression at 3.6-38.3 percent, far exceeding domestic peers. Isolation exacerbates this—language barriers, cultural adjustment, family distance—yet only 22 percent access services before crisis, as Victorian inquests revealed.
Homelessness stats paint a grim picture. While exact figures for students are elusive, non-resident rough sleepers comprise up to 20 percent in urban hubs. Housing shortages, intensified by post-pandemic migration, push many into overcrowded shares or streets. Universities provide orientation and counseling, but monitoring lapses post-enrolment, especially for visa-overstayers.
Past Inquests and Unheeded Warnings
Lama's case echoes Victorian Coroners Prevention Unit findings on 47 international student suicides from 2009-2015, with 27 analyzed showing low help-seeking. A 2023 inquest into five 2020 deaths urged universities to promote services proactively. Barriers include stigma, cost (Overseas Student Health Cover gaps), and unawareness. Coroner Audrey Jamieson recommended a central agency for coordination, yet implementation stalls.
Broader data from AIHW notes 122,000 homeless on 2021 Census night, rising amid 2026 housing crunch. International students, transient and revenue-focused, often evade stats. Reform advocates cite ESOS Act and National Code, mandating welfare arrangements, but enforcement weak for adults.
Universities' Role and Current Policies
Australian universities invest in international recruitment—Group of Eight alone earns AUD 10 billion yearly—but welfare varies. Policies include 24/7 emergency lines, free counseling via Student Wellbeing teams, and accommodation guarantees for under-18s. Yet for adults like Lama, oversight fades after enrolment. Macquarie University, for instance, offers hardship funds; Sydney Uni runs peer support. But critics argue tracking at-risk students (low attendance, debt) insufficient.
The National Code requires 'adequate welfare arrangements,' but focuses tuition protection over holistic support. Universities Australia toolkit aids suicide postvention, but prevention lags. Experts call for mandatory welfare checks, visa-compliant work extensions, and partnerships with homelessness services.
Stakeholder Perspectives and Reform Demands
Independent MP Alex Greenwich's letter to Attorney-General Michael Daley demands inquest probing 'policy failures, universities' welfare roles, service gaps.' “People on temporary visas lack health/welfare lifelines,” he noted. St Vincent’s urges federal/state changes for non-resident crisis access. Nepal Consulate seeks repatriation aid.
- Government: AG awaits police brief; TEQSA regulates compliance.
- Universities: Defend services but face scrutiny over revenue vs. duty.
- Advocates: CISA pushes mental health subsidies; Homelessness Australia links to housing crisis.
- Students: Forums reveal debt, exploitation fears.
Reforms eyed: Extend OSHC mental health parity, uni-funded emergency housing, post-grad work rights expansion amid 2026 visa caps.
Guardian investigation details systemic invisibility, fueling demands.Impacts on Higher Education Landscape
2026 visa caps (270,000 starts) aim affordability but risk revenue drops (AUD 48 billion sector). Unis pivot domestic, but intl fees subsidize research. Lama's death amplifies scrutiny: TEQSA probes welfare; ministers eye National Code reviews. Case studies like Victorian suicides show inaction costs lives.
Stats: 93 percent stranded students faced mental issues (CISA); intl anxiety double domestics. Solutions: AI risk-flagging, culturally sensitive counseling, community ties.
Path Forward: Actionable Insights
Stakeholders propose:
- Uni-led welfare audits.
- Govt-non-resident safety net.
- Mandatory orientation on services.
- Partnerships: unis-homelessness orgs.
AIHW homelessness reports urge data-sharing. Future: Balanced growth safeguards students, sustaining sector.
Lama's unseen passing demands attention. An inquest could catalyze reforms, ensuring Australia's unis prioritize welfare alongside excellence. Stakeholders unite for change, honoring dreams like his.
