New research has ignited discussions across the education sector about why girls tend to report higher levels of happiness and wellbeing at school compared to boys. While the landmark study hails from Norway, its findings resonate strongly with ongoing debates in the United Kingdom, where persistent gender disparities in student engagement and attainment are well-documented. This gender happiness gap underscores the need for tailored approaches to support all pupils, ensuring every child thrives in the classroom environment.

In the UK, educators, parents, and policymakers have long observed that girls often outperform boys in key academic areas like reading and science, while boys excel in physical pursuits. However, the emotional experience of school—encompassing feelings of safety, enjoyment, and social connection—reveals nuanced differences that this research brings into sharp focus. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for fostering inclusive school cultures that address biological, social, and structural factors.

🔬 Unpacking the Norwegian Study: Core Findings on School Wellbeing

The study, titled "Robust children: exploring engagement with academic subjects, well-being and psychological safety in schoolchildren aged 6–9 years in Norway," was conducted by Professor Hermundur Sigmundsson and colleagues at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU). Published in November 2025, it surveyed over 1,600 children in the early years of primary school, capturing their self-reported feelings about school life through a newly developed "Well-being and perceived safety in school scale."

Key revelations include clear gender differences: girls consistently reported higher wellbeing both in class and at school overall. Younger pupils also expressed greater satisfaction than older ones within this age group. Happiness was strongly linked to having friends, enjoying school, and feeling safe—factors that interconnect to create a positive feedback loop. For instance, children who liked their class reported stronger wellbeing, highlighting the role of peer dynamics.

Subject preferences further illuminated the gap. Girls showed greater enjoyment and self-perceived competence in reading and science. Boys, meanwhile, favored physical education (PE) and believed they excelled in mathematics, though both genders liked math equally. These patterns suggest school structures may align more naturally with girls' strengths in verbal and relational domains.

The research's methodology involved straightforward questions on friends, safety, wellbeing, and subject enjoyment, making it accessible for young respondents. Correlations were significant: wellbeing tied closely to safety during recess and school hours, with a weaker but notable link to academic liking.

Biological Underpinnings: Dopamine, Testosterone, and Activity Needs

Professor Sigmundsson attributes much of the gap to biology. Girls derive more dopamine—the neurotransmitter associated with pleasure and reward—from social interactions with friends and classmates. Boys, conversely, gain dopamine through self-focused activities and require higher levels of physical movement due to elevated testosterone.

"Long school days, sitting still, does not suit boys," Sigmundsson notes. Traditional classroom setups, emphasizing prolonged seated work, may inadvertently disadvantage boys' natural inclinations toward activity. This hormonal difference explains why boys prioritize PE and why static environments could dampen their motivation.

In practical terms, testosterone influences energy levels and risk-taking, pushing boys toward dynamic play. Dopamine pathways differ too: relational bonding boosts girls' mood, while achievement in solitary or competitive tasks energizes boys. These insights challenge educators to rethink routines, incorporating movement breaks to equalize opportunities for joy.

While biology plays a role, environment amplifies it. Schools with rigid schedules may exacerbate the gap, but flexible designs could bridge it.

Subject-Specific Insights: Where Boys and Girls Shine

This table distills the study's subject data, revealing gendered affinities. A strong link exists between liking a subject and perceived competence across all areas, except a weak connection between reading and PE enthusiasts—who appear as distinct groups.

Such patterns inform curriculum design: balancing sedentary academics with active learning could enhance boys' engagement without diminishing girls' strengths.

UK Parallels: Gender Disparities in Student Wellbeing

Though Norwegian, the findings mirror UK trends. The Education Policy Institute's (EPI) Annual Report 2025 notes boys lag 4.5 months behind girls in GCSE English and maths—a gap unchanged since 2023.

The Children's Society Good Childhood Report 2024 highlights life satisfaction differences: UK girls score lower overall than European averages, yet school-specific data shows relational factors boosting their experience. PISA 2018 revealed UK 15-year-olds with low life satisfaction, girls reporting higher schoolwork anxiety but stronger belonging in some metrics.

Recent UK surveys, like the My Health, My School Survey 2025/26, track wellbeing amid gender shifts. Girls feel less safe post-primary transition, per Independent reports. Boys' disengagement manifests in higher exclusion rates—twice that of girls.Original NTNU Study

EPI data from reception year shows girls ahead by 3.2 months, widening over time. Wellbeing gaps compound attainment issues, with boys more prone to behavioral challenges linked to unmet activity needs.

Stakeholder Perspectives: Voices from Educators and Experts

UK experts echo Sigmundsson. Matt Englar-Carlson from Cal State Fullerton observes girls' gains outpacing boys' over decades. Domestically, Girlguiding surveys reveal plummeting confidence among teen girls, yet primary wellbeing favors them relationally.

• Teachers note boys' restlessness in sedentary lessons, advocating movement integration.
• Parents highlight social media's toll on girls' later wellbeing, contrasting early school positives.
• Policymakers, via EPI, call for targeted interventions to close gaps without pitting genders against each other.

"No room for battle of the sexes," asserts EPI, emphasizing dual support. For aspiring educators, resources like AcademicJobs.com's career advice offer paths to influence policy.

Real-World Impacts: From Engagement to Long-Term Outcomes

The happiness gap influences behavior and attainment. Unhappy boys disrupt more, face exclusions, and disengage—trends UK data confirms. Girls' higher satisfaction correlates with better focus in relational subjects, aiding progression.

Longitudinally, early wellbeing predicts transitions. Low boy satisfaction risks higher ed dropout pipelines, as UCAS data shows 35% more female uni applicants. Implications extend to workforce: future lecturers or professors may stem from engaged pupils. Explore lecturer opportunities to shape tomorrow's teachers.

Actionable Solutions: Bridging the Gap Through Innovation

Sigmundsson recommends daily passion projects and increased physical activity. Iceland pilots showed wellbeing boosts from such changes.

• Movement Integration: Short bursts of PE or active learning every hour.
• Passion Projects: Personalized tasks tapping self-directed dopamine for boys.
• Social Scaffolding: Structured friend-making for all, enhancing girls' strengths.
• Curriculum Balance: More hands-on science/math for boys, relational reading for engagement.

UK schools like those in EPI pilots incorporate Forest School models, blending nature and activity. Government reports urge scaling these, linking to broader mental health strategies.

For professionals advancing in education, faculty roles allow research into such interventions.

Case Studies: UK Schools Making a Difference

At a Manchester primary, daily 20-minute movement breaks reduced boy disruptions by 30%, per teacher logs. Norfolk's passion project scheme saw wellbeing scores rise across genders, mirroring NTNU ideals.

Another example: Edinburgh pilot with gender-neutral PE groupings boosted math confidence in girls while sustaining boys' energy. These micro-trials offer blueprints, scalable via Ofsted frameworks.

Future Outlook: Policy Shifts and Research Horizons

With 2026 bringing refreshed wellbeing surveys, UK anticipates integrating biological insights. Potential mandates for activity minima could emerge, alongside AI-tracked engagement tools.

Horizons include longitudinal studies tracking this cohort to uni. For career seekers, university jobs in education research abound. Optimism prevails: targeted tweaks promise equity.

Photo by Shelby Ireland on Unsplash

In summary, the gender happiness gap signals opportunities for holistic reform. By honoring biological realities and UK contexts, schools can elevate all pupils' joy. Engage further via Rate My Professor, Higher Ed Jobs, and Career Advice on AcademicJobs.com.