Understanding the Surge in Coronary Interventions Across Europe

Acute myocardial infarction, commonly known as a heart attack, remains one of the leading causes of death in Europe, claiming around 1.7 million lives annually according to recent European Society of Cardiology (ESC) data. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), a minimally invasive procedure where a catheter is threaded through a blood vessel to the blocked coronary artery to restore blood flow using a balloon and often a stent, has become the gold standard treatment, particularly primary PCI for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), the most severe form.

Over the past decade, the adoption of PCI has skyrocketed across European nations. Primary PCI rates have climbed from roughly 64 percent to 76 percent of eligible cases, while complete revascularisation—addressing all significant blockages rather than just the culprit lesion—has jumped from 28 percent to 60 percent. This shift aligns with evolving ESC guidelines, which since 2017 have increasingly endorsed multivessel PCI in stable patients to prevent future events.

Yet, a groundbreaking cross-sectional analysis presented at the 2026 European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions (EAPCI) Summit in Munich challenges the assumption that more procedures equate to better survival. Led by researchers from King's College London, the study examined population-level data from 21 European countries, revealing no decline in age-standardised acute myocardial infarction (AMI) mortality despite this procedural boom.

Key Findings from the King's College London-Led ESC Analysis

The study, titled "Cross-sectional analysis of primary PCI provision and AMI mortality across Europe: accounting for economic and disease burden," drew from the ESC Atlas of Cardiology, ESC Atlas in Interventional Cardiology, World Health Organization datasets, the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, and Eurostat. It assessed correlations between primary PCI procedures per million inhabitants and AMI death rates, adjusting for confounders like gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevalence.

Striking results emerged: While higher GDP correlated moderately with lower mortality (correlation coefficient -0.54, p=0.004), greater CVD burden linked to higher rates (+0.45, p=0.02). After adjustments, higher PCI rates positively correlated with mortality (+0.68, p<0.001), suggesting more interventions in higher-burden areas. A weaker inverse link (-0.27, p=0.23) hinted at benefits from higher procedural volume per cardiologist, underscoring expertise.

Lead investigator Ali Malik noted, “It is well established that primary PCI plays a pivotal role in reducing mortality after MI; however, significant variability exists at local, national and regional levels in the provision of primary PCI and associated patient outcomes.”

Methodology: Robust Data from Pan-European Registries

This analysis leveraged aggregated national data spanning recent years, focusing on 21 countries with varying healthcare infrastructures—from high-resource nations like Germany and the UK to others with emerging systems. Primary PCI provision was quantified per million population, benchmarked against age-standardised mortality rates to account for demographic shifts.

Adjustments for GDP per capita captured economic influences on access and quality, while CVD prevalence metrics from global health databases addressed disease burden. Statistical modelling revealed counterintuitive trends, prompting calls for deeper dives into pre-hospital delays, inter-centre transfers, and operator caseloads.

Co-author Sukruth Pradeep Kundur from King's College London emphasised, “One would anticipate that increased provision of primary PCI would yield lower mortality rates; therefore, we will conduct additional analyses to elucidate why this trend is not evident.” This rigorous approach highlights the value of large-scale registry data in informing policy.

Trends in PCI Adoption: From Culprit-Only to Complete Revascularisation

ESC guidelines have evolved significantly. The 2017 STEMI guidelines prioritised primary PCI within 120 minutes of first medical contact, evolving to the 2023 Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS) guidelines endorsing complete revascularisation in multivessel disease (MVD) for STEMI and non-ST-elevation MI (NSTEMI). Trials like MULTISTARS and COMPLETE supported this, showing reduced composite events with complete PCI.

• Primary PCI: Emergent for culprit lesion in STEMI.
• Multivessel PCI: Staged or immediate for non-culprit lesions.
• Complete vs. incomplete: Full restoration vs. selective.

Europe-wide, PCI volumes surged, yet 30-day mortality hovers at 6.5 percent, stable despite advances.ESC Press Release

Patient Complexity: The Cardiometabolic Burden Driving Outcomes

Senior author Dr. Sanjay Sivalokanathan from Mount Sinai explained, “The global rise in cardiometabolic risk factors appears to play a meaningful role in the clinical complexity of patients presenting with acute coronary syndromes.” Obesity, diabetes, and hypertension complicate PCI, increasing procedural risks and poor outcomes.

In Europe, CVD prevalence varies: highest in Eastern Europe (e.g., Bulgaria 20 percent adult prevalence), lower in France (under 5 percent). This mirrors mortality disparities, with PCI intensity highest in wealthier nations but offset by sicker patients.

Real-world example: In the UK, where King's College researchers are based, AMI admissions rose amid post-COVID cardiometabolic surges, challenging interventional teams.

Operator Expertise: Volume Matters in Interventional Cardiology

The subtle inverse correlation with PCI per cardiologist underscores training's role. High-volume operators (>100 PCIs/year) achieve better results due to refined techniques like radial access minimising bleeding.

European universities like King's College London and University of Hasselt (affiliated with Hartcentrum) emphasise simulation labs and fellowships. For aspiring cardiologists, programs such as clinical research jobs in cardiology offer hands-on experience.

Challenges include workforce shortages; Europe needs 20 percent more interventionalists by 2030 per ESC projections.

System-Level Factors: Delays and Infrastructure Gaps

Pre-hospital delays average 90-120 minutes in rural areas, eroding PCI benefits. Inter-hospital transfers add risk, especially in fragmented systems like Italy's regional hubs.

• Symptom onset to PCI <120 min: Class I recommendation.
• Urban vs. rural disparities: 30 percent higher mortality in remote areas.

Policy implications urge pan-European networks, akin to Sweden's successful model.

Shifting Focus to Prevention: A University-Led Imperative

With PCI plateaus, prevention reigns. ESC advocates lifestyle interventions, statins, and screening. Universities drive this via public health research; e.g., University of Leicester's frailty studies in AMI.

Actionable insights: Reduce smoking (15 percent EU AMI trigger), manage hypertension. Med schools integrate preventive cardiology modules.

Implications for Cardiology Training in European Higher Education

This study spotlights training needs. King's College London exemplifies integrated research-education, with PhD programs in interventional cardiology. Across Europe, Europe university jobs in cardiology research abound, fostering expertise.

Challenges: Balancing volume with quality. Solutions include VR simulations at institutions like University of Edinburgh and mandatory fellowships per ESC standards.

Stakeholder Perspectives: From ESC to National Societies

ESC President Prof. ESC views: Enhance registries for real-time insights. National bodies like British Cardiovascular Society call for equity in access.

Patient groups advocate shared decision-making on multivessel PCI risks.

Future Outlook: Emerging Technologies and Research Frontiers

Intravenous imaging (IVUS/OCT), physiology-guided PCI (FFR/iFR), and bioresorbable stents promise gains. AI for lesion assessment in trials at University College London.

Upcoming MULTISTARS-AMI2 may refine complete revasc timing. Universities pivotal in these innovations.

Photo by Marek Studzinski on Unsplash

Navigating the Path Forward in European Cardiology

The ESC study underscores that while PCI saves lives acutely, systemic prevention, expert operators, and optimised systems are key to mortality reductions. For medical professionals, explore Rate My Professor for top cardiology educators, higher ed jobs in clinical research, and career advice. Aspiring interventionalists, check university jobs and post a job for opportunities. Prevention and precision training will shape Europe's cardiac future.