Background to the US-Iran Strait of Hormuz Conflict

The Strait of Hormuz, a narrow waterway spanning just 34 kilometers at its narrowest point between Iran and Oman, serves as one of the world's most vital maritime chokepoints. Approximately 20 million barrels of oil pass through it daily, accounting for about 20 percent of global seaborne oil trade, alongside a significant portion of liquefied natural gas from producers like Qatar. This strategic passage connects the Persian Gulf to the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Sea, making it indispensable for energy exports from major suppliers including Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Iraq, and Kuwait. Disruptions here ripple across global markets, affecting everything from fuel prices to industrial production.

Tensions in the Strait of Hormuz have deep historical roots, but the current crisis erupted as part of the broader 2026 Iran war. It began on February 28, 2026, when the United States and Israel launched Operation Epic Fury, a series of airstrikes targeting Iranian military installations, nuclear facilities, and leadership, including the assassination of Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei. Iran responded with missile and drone barrages on Israeli cities and US bases in the region, such as those in the UAE, Qatar, and Bahrain. In retaliation and to exert economic pressure, Iran imposed restrictions on the strait, effectively creating a blockade that halted commercial shipping.

By early March, the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) Navy declared control over the strait, issuing VHF warnings to vessels and launching attacks using fast boats, drones, missiles, and mines. This led to a 'dual blockade' scenario: Iran's restrictions on outbound traffic from Gulf states and the US counter-blockade of Iranian ports starting April 13. The fragile nature of subsequent ceasefires has kept the situation volatile.

Timeline of Escalating Incidents

The crisis unfolded rapidly. On March 1, IRGC attacks struck the first merchant vessels, including the MT Skylight oil tanker north of Oman, killing two Indian crew members, and the MKDVYOM tanker hit by a drone boat, claiming another life. By March 2, the IRGC confirmed the strait's closure, with further strikes on the Stena Imperative at Bahrain's port and the AtheNova bitumen tanker.

March saw intensified actions: On March 10, US forces preemptively destroyed 16 Iranian mine-laying vessels near the strait to thwart mining attempts, releasing footage of the strikes. Days later, on March 11, multiple tankers like the Mayuree Naree bulk carrier and Safesea Vishnu oil tanker were hit, resulting in additional fatalities. Iranian restrictions evolved, allowing passage for 'friendly' nations like China, Russia, and India while prohibiting ships bound for US or Israeli ports.

April brought temporary de-escalation attempts. A two-week ceasefire was agreed on April 8, mediated by Pakistan, but it faltered amid Iran's imposition of over $1 million tolls per ship. On April 13, the US imposed its port blockade on Iran. Iran briefly reopened the strait on April 17 coinciding with a Lebanon ceasefire but reimposed controls. Recent weeks saw captures of vessels like the Epaminondas and MSC Francesca by Iran, and US seizures of Iranian-flagged tankers such as Deep Sea and Dorena.

Recent US Action: Sinking Iranian Boats

The most alarming escalation occurred in late April and early May 2026, as US forces directly engaged Iranian naval assets to protect commercial shipping. US Central Command (CENTCOM) reported sinking six small Iranian boats in the Strait of Hormuz, describing them as targeting civilian vessels during attempts to escort stranded ships through the waterway. This followed Iran's attacks on UAE ports and commercial tankers, testing the ceasefire's limits.

Earlier, on March 10, the US destroyed 16 mine-laying ships to prevent Iran from seeding the strait with explosives, a tactic reminiscent of 1980s incidents where Iranian mines damaged US warships. President Donald Trump ordered the destruction of any mine-laying boats on April 23. On May 3-4, a US submarine torpedoed and sank the Iranian frigate IRIS Dena off Sri Lanka, marking the first such torpedo kill since World War II, with 104 Iranian sailors killed and 32 rescued. These actions are part of Operation Project Freedom, launched May 4, to guide neutral vessels out of the strait.

US officials justify these strikes as defensive measures to reopen the strait, emphasizing Iran's prior attacks on over 17 merchant ships, resulting in 12 seafarer deaths and numerous injuries. Footage from CENTCOM shows helicopters and munitions neutralizing the threats swiftly.

The Fragile Ceasefire and Diplomatic Efforts

A temporary ceasefire took hold on April 8, extended indefinitely by Trump, but it has teetered on the brink. Iran views US escort operations and blockades as violations, prompting renewed attacks. Talks in Islamabad failed, and UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres has urged reopening the strait. Pakistan mediated the initial truce, while China and Russia advocate de-escalation—China criticizing closures, Russia vetoing UN resolutions.

Trump has issued ultimatums, threatening infrastructure strikes, while Iran demands an end to blockades. The ceasefire's survival hinges on upcoming negotiations, but incidents like Iran's missile strikes on US destroyers and US ship seizures underscore the risks.

Military Capabilities and Tactics Employed

Iran's asymmetric warfare relies on the IRGC Navy's swarm tactics with fast-attack boats, suicide drones, anti-ship missiles, and mines—low-cost weapons effective against larger navies. The US counters with air superiority, submarines, guided-missile destroyers, and minesweepers from Task Force 56 in Bahrain. Advanced underwater drones aid clearance efforts.

• US advantages: Total air dominance, precision strikes, blockades halting Iranian exports.
• Iranian strengths: Local knowledge, mine stockpiles, GNSS jamming disrupting navigation.
• Risks: Mines remain hard to detect; small boats evade radar.

Historical parallels to the 1980s Tanker War highlight recurring dangers, where US escorts faced mines and speedboats.

Economic Ramifications and Oil Market Turmoil

The blockade has devastated global energy markets. Oil prices surged above $100 per barrel post-blockade announcements, with US gasoline nearing $4 per gallon. The strait handles 84 percent of Gulf crude to Asia, including one-third of China's oil. Fertilizer exports (30 percent global urea) are also stalled, threatening agriculture worldwide.

Stranded: 2,000 ships and 20,000 mariners. War-risk insurance premiums quadrupled to 0.2-0.4 percent per transit. Trump waived sanctions on Russian and Venezuelan oil to ease prices. Gulf economies like Iraq and Kuwait face revenue squeezes, while alternatives like Saudi pipelines offer limited relief.IMF analysis warns of prolonged disruptions inflating inflation globally.

International Reactions and Humanitarian Concerns

India deployed Operation Sankalp to escort 20+ ships; France leads EU missions. G7 debates joint escorts; Japan hesitates. The UAE backs US efforts post-attacks. Humanitarian toll: 12 merchant seafarers killed (mostly Indian), one Bahrain worker dead, captain missing from Parimal. Over 20,000 mariners stranded face shortages.

Detailed timeline on Wikipedia highlights seafarer plight amid stalled aid.

Stakeholder Perspectives and Expert Views

US officials like Secretary of Defense Pete Hegseth tout air dominance; Trump claims the strait 'reopened' prematurely. Iranian media denies losses, vowing retaliation. Analysts like retired Gen. Jack Keane urge eliminating threats before escorts. Trita Parsi warns of no easy wins, predicting prolonged stalemate.

• Pro-US: Essential for global energy security.
• Pro-Iran: Sovereign response to aggression.
• Neutral: Diplomatic urgency to avert recession.

Future Outlook and Potential Solutions

Short-term: US Project Freedom risks clashes but aims to free 2,000 ships. Long-term: Nuclear talks revival, sanctions relief for Iran. Solutions include multilateral escorts, mine clearance tech, and alternative routes. Optimists see China's influence forcing compromise; pessimists fear wider war involving Gulf states.

Actionable insights: Diversify energy sources, monitor insurance, prepare supply chains. A lasting deal could stabilize prices within months, but teetering ceasefire demands caution.

Photo by Nandha Kumar on Unsplash

Implications for Global Stability

Beyond economics, the crisis tests alliances: NATO invoked? China's Belt and Road vulnerable? Regional spillovers to Lebanon, Yemen. Balanced views emphasize dialogue—Pakistan's mediation a model. As boats sink and tempers flare, the world watches if Hormuz becomes a flashpoint or pathway to peace.