A groundbreaking survey conducted by researchers from the University of Tokyo and collaborating institutions has laid bare the pervasive issue of harassment within Japan's burgeoning startup ecosystem, with significant implications for university-led entrepreneurship initiatives. Published as part of the Center for Research and Education in Program Evaluation (CREPE) Discussion Paper 193, the study reveals that 32% of startup founders have faced some form of mistreatment since launching their ventures, underscoring vulnerabilities that could stifle innovation, particularly in academic spin-offs and incubator programs housed within higher education institutions.

Japan's higher education sector plays a pivotal role in fostering the nation's startup ambitions. Government initiatives like the 'Startup Development Five-year Plan' aim to cultivate 100 unicorns by 2027, with universities at the forefront through technology transfer offices (TLOs), incubators, and accelerators. The University of Tokyo (UTokyo), for instance, boasts a robust ecosystem via its Innovation Platform and Edge Capital Partners, supporting hundreds of ventures annually. Yet, this survey highlights how power asymmetries in these environments—between mentors, investors, and founders—breed harassment, disproportionately impacting women and threatening the inclusivity of university entrepreneurship programs.

Understanding Japan's University Startup Landscape

Japan's university entrepreneurship ecosystem has exploded in recent years, driven by policy reforms and funding surges. Institutions like UTokyo, Kyoto University, and Keio University host dedicated incubators such as UTokyo's UTC Tokyo and Kyoto's iGem, channeling academic research into commercial ventures. These programs offer mentorship, seed funding, and networking, but they also create dependencies where student-founders or faculty entrepreneurs rely on external stakeholders like venture capitalists (VCs) and business partners.

According to Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) data, university spin-offs numbered over 1,500 in 2025, contributing to Japan's startup GDP share rising to 1.5%. However, cultural factors like hierarchical senpai-kohai dynamics and Japan's low gender parity in STEM exacerbate risks. Women comprise only 15% of startup founders in Japan, per Global Startup Ecosystem Report 2026, partly due to barriers like harassment in male-dominated networks.

The Survey Methodology: Rigorous and Representative

To capture authentic experiences, the research team—led by UTokyo's Professor Shintaro Yamaguchi alongside experts from Kyoto, Hitotsubashi, and Keio Universities—targeted 13,264 startups founded post-2015 registered on the Speeda corporate database. In collaboration with the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI), they secured 467 valid responses through an anonymous online survey.

The questionnaire employed behaviorally specific prompts, such as 'Has someone with more power deliberately excluded you from discussions?' rather than vague self-labeling, minimizing underreporting common in sensitive topics. This approach, validated in prior studies, ensured reliability while covering broader ecosystem conditions like operations and networks.

Key Findings: A Landscape of Power Imbalances

The data paints a stark picture: 32% of founders reported harassment post-founding. Non-sexual harassment—encompassing intimidating demands (威圧的な要求), verbal abuse, and resource-based authority abuse—afflicted 31%, dwarfing sexual harassment at 6%. Notably, non-sexual forms showed no gender disparity, affecting men and women equally due to inherent power dynamics in asymmetric relationships.

• Sexual harassment: 23% among female founders vs. 3% male.
• Perpetrators: Business counterparties (27%), VCs (25%), mentors (11%).
• Serious incidents often from investors/partners, leading to tangible business fallout.

These rates align with ecosystem realities where founders depend on gatekeepers for funding and partnerships, a dynamic amplified in university settings where student ventures pitch to alumni VCs or faculty mentors.

Gender Disparities and the Female Founder Challenge

Sexual harassment disproportionately burdens women, with 23% of female respondents affected—nearly eight times the male rate. This echoes a 2025 study in the Journal of Business Venturing Insights, where 52.4% of female entrepreneurs reported multi-stakeholder sexual harassment in the prior year, often from investors demanding inappropriate favors.

In university contexts, this deters female participation. UTokyo's entrepreneurship courses, while inclusive, see female-led teams at under 20%, per internal reports. Broader implications include stalled diversity goals; METI notes women-led startups secure just 2% of VC funding, perpetuating cycles of exclusion.

Professor Yamaguchi emphasizes: "Sexual harassment follows gender dynamics, but non-sexual mistreatment arises from power imbalances affecting everyone."University of Tokyo Press Release

Photo by Fumiaki Hayashi on Unsplash

Perpetrators and Mechanisms of Abuse

Harassment stems from relational asymmetries: founders need resources, giving leverage to VCs, partners, and mentors. VCs, holding funding purse-strings, topped serious cases at 25%, followed by business counterparties. Mentors—often university alumni or professors—accounted for 11%, raising red flags for academic incubators.

In practice, this manifests as idea dismissal, exclusion from talks, or coerced compliance. A Kyoto University case study highlighted a spin-off founder pivoting strategy after mentor bullying, costing partnerships. Such dynamics mirror senpai-kohai hierarchies ingrained in Japanese academia, where juniors hesitate to challenge authority.

Business Impacts: Beyond Personal Toll

Harassment inflicts venture-level damage: forgone deals, strategic pivots, stalled growth. Survey respondents cited abandoned partnerships (most common fallout) and revenue losses. For university startups, this undermines TLO efficacy; UTokyo's 2025 spin-off success rate dipped amid ecosystem strains.

Economically, Japan's startup GDP lags OECD peers partly due to these frictions. METI's unicorn push risks failure without safeguards, as alienated founders exit or underperform.

The Protective Power of Diverse Networks

A pivotal insight: founders with broader networks—spanning varied stakeholders—faced marginally less sexual harassment. Network breadth reduces single-point dependency, deterring abuse. Women with diverse contacts reported lower rates, suggesting networking as prophylaxis.

University programs can leverage this via cross-disciplinary events, alumni mixers beyond silos. UTokyo's recommendation: cohort accelerators blending sectors to build resilience.CREPE Discussion Paper 193

Contextualizing with Prior Research

This CREPE study builds on 2025 findings by Kashino et al., where 52.4% of women endured sexual harassment, investors prominent. NHK's 2024 poll echoed patterns. Unlike employee-focused surveys, this ecosystem lens reveals mentor/VC roles, urging tailored interventions for academic ventures.

Implications for Higher Education Institutions

Universities must fortify entrepreneurship support. Incubators like Todai TLO should mandate dual-mentor models, harassment training, anonymous reporting. MEXT's guidelines lag; post-survey, calls grow for ecosystem codes integrating unis, VCs, METI.

Stakeholder views: Keio's Michiko Ashizawa notes, "Power harassment's ubiquity demands structural fixes." Kyoto iGem pivoted to network-building post-findings.

Photo by Jimmy Phillips on Unsplash

Proposed Solutions and Policy Recommendations

• Diverse Networks: Cross-sector events, multi-mentor cohorts.
• Consultation Hubs: METI-backed windows blending HR, trade fairness.
• Behavioral Norms: VC codes, mentor training, anti-retaliation channels.

Industry associations like J-Startup pledge CSR expansions. Universities can lead via ethics-integrated curricula, as Hitotsubashi pilots.

METI eyes follow-up surveys; unis urged to audit programs.Related 2025 Study on Sexual Harassment

Looking Ahead: Building a Safer Ecosystem

As Japan chases startup supremacy, addressing harassment is paramount. UTokyo's survey catalyzes reform, potentially boosting women founders to 30% via safe networks. Higher ed must pioneer: integrate safeguards in accelerators, foster inclusive mentorship. With METI backing, Japan's university startups could thrive ethically, powering inclusive growth.

For aspiring entrepreneurs, prioritize network diversity; institutions, prioritize protection. The path forward demands collective action to transform vulnerabilities into strengths.