📈 The Remarkable Rise of Women in EU Science and Engineering

In recent years, the European Union has witnessed a significant transformation in its science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) workforce, particularly within higher education institutions. Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics, commonly abbreviated as STEM, encompasses fields critical to innovation, economic growth, and addressing global challenges like climate change and digital transformation. The latest data reveals that women scientists and engineers have surged to nearly 7.9 million across the EU in 2024, marking a steady climb from just 3.4 million back in 2008. This growth reflects broader societal shifts toward gender equality, policy interventions, and changing perceptions of STEM careers.

This surge is especially pronounced in higher education, where women researchers now comprise 44 percent of the total, approaching parity with their male counterparts. Higher education here refers to the Higher Education Sector (HES), which includes universities and research-performing institutions focused on advanced degrees and academic research. Achieving near parity means women hold close to half of researcher positions, a milestone that underscores progress but also highlights the need for continued efforts to reach full balance.

Understanding this trend requires context: historically, STEM fields were male-dominated due to cultural stereotypes, limited early education encouragement for girls, and workplace barriers. Today, more girls are pursuing STEM subjects in school, bolstered by EU-wide initiatives. For aspiring professionals, this means expanded opportunities in university labs, research grants, and faculty roles across Europe.

Spotlight on Higher Education: Achieving Near Parity

Within the HES, women have reached 44 percent of researchers, according to the European Commission's She Figures 2024 report. This figure positions higher education as a leader in gender balance compared to other sectors like business enterprise, where women are only about 30 percent of researchers. The government sector follows closely at 45 percent, but private industry lags significantly.

This near parity in higher education stems from women's majority enrollment in tertiary education overall—over 54 percent of university students are women. While STEM graduates remain at around 33 percent female (32.8 percent in 2021 per Eurostat), retention and progression within academia have improved. Universities provide flexible environments, maternity support, and mentorship programs that aid career continuity post-childbirth, a key retention factor.

For example, in fields like biology and medical sciences within STEM, women often exceed 50 percent of graduates and researchers. Engineering and information technology (ICT) show slower progress, with women at about 22 percent of ICT doctoral graduates. Yet, the overall HES balance signals a pipeline strengthening, promising more diverse research outputs.

Key Statistics and Long-Term Trends

Eurostat's February 2026 release provides granular insights. Women now represent 40.5 percent of all scientists and engineers EU-wide, up from 39 percent previously. In knowledge-intensive services, this rises to 45.1 percent. The absolute numbers tell a compelling story of growth: from 5.2 million in 2014 to 7.9 million today, adding over 200,000 women annually on average.

STEM tertiary graduates offer another lens: in 2021, women were 32.8 percent EU-wide, a slight rise from 32.5 percent in 2020. Natural sciences lead with higher female participation, while engineering manufacturing and construction hover lower. These graduates feed into higher education roles, sustaining the parity push.

This table illustrates the consistent upward trajectory. Detailed breakdowns reveal nuances: manufacturing sees only 22.4 percent women, emphasizing sector-specific interventions needed.

Country and Regional Variations

Progress varies widely. Latvia boasts 50.9 percent women scientists and engineers, followed by Denmark (48.8 percent) and Estonia (47.9 percent). Southern nations like Spain (47.6 percent) and Bulgaria (47.3 percent) also excel. Conversely, Finland (30.7 percent), Hungary (31.7 percent), and Germany (34.6 percent) trail.

At regional levels (NUTS 1), women dominate in 11 areas, such as Canarias, Spain (58.8 percent) and Região Autónoma dos Açores, Portugal (57.3 percent). Lowest in Hungarian and Finnish regions around 30 percent. For STEM graduates, Romania (42.5 percent), Poland (41.5 percent), and Greece (40.9 percent) lead, while Belgium and Germany lag at 27-28 percent.

These disparities reflect national policies: Baltic states emphasize STEM for girls early, while others grapple with industrial legacies favoring men in engineering.

• Leading countries foster mentorship and quotas.
• Lagging ones invest in vocational training to boost female entry.
• Regional hubs like Spanish islands leverage tourism-tech hybrids attracting diverse talent.

Persistent Challenges Despite the Surge

While near parity graces higher education researchers, leadership gaps endure. Women hold under one-third of senior academic positions and just 26 percent of university heads. The 'glass ceiling'—invisible barriers to advancement—persists, exacerbated by funding biases and work-life imbalances.

In STEM subfields, ICT and engineering see stark underrepresentation. Only 9 percent of inventors are women, and 98 percent of EU research ignores gender dimensions, per She Figures. Cultural contexts vary: Nordic flexibility aids balance, but Southern Europe faces childcare shortages.

Solutions include targeted grants. For instance, EU Horizon programs prioritize gender-balanced teams. Aspiring women can seek academic CV tips to stand out. Check professor ratings on Rate My Professor to choose supportive environments.

More details in the She Figures 2024 report.

🎓 EU Initiatives Driving Gender Equality in STEM

The EU champions equality via the Gender Equality Strategy 2020-2025 and Digital Education Action Plan. Programs like WeSTEMEU promote women's STEM employment interregionally. The European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT) highlights rising female entries in STEM and ICT.

National efforts complement: Sweden ranks top for women in STEM support, Norway leads engineering employment. Actionable advice:

• Girls: Engage in STEM clubs from primary school.
• Students: Apply for Erasmus+ mobility with gender focus.
• Professionals: Pursue postdoc positions in balanced unis.

Explore Eurostat's full dataset for planning careers.

Career Implications for Higher Education

This surge opens doors in academia. Women can target lecturer or professor roles, with platforms listing lecturer jobs and professor jobs. Research assistantships abound, especially in biology-dominant unis.

Diverse teams innovate better, boosting EU competitiveness. Job seekers benefit from remote options via remote higher ed jobs.

Photo by Vitaly Gariev on Unsplash

Looking Ahead: Sustaining Momentum

Future prospects shine with RIE 2025 investments. To maintain parity, address leadership and integrate gender in research. Students, rate your courses on Rate My Course to influence curricula. Professionals, browse higher ed jobs and university jobs for opportunities. Share insights in comments below and explore higher ed career advice for success.

For employers, posting on recruitment attracts top talent. This evolution promises a balanced, innovative EU higher education landscape.