A groundbreaking development from Tokyo Metropolitan University (TMU) researchers has introduced a lab-grown diamond dosimeter that promises to transform radiation dose measurement in medical settings. Led by Professor Kiyomitsu Shinsho from TMU's Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, the team collaborated with Tohoku University and Orbray Co., Ltd. to create a heteroepitaxial diamond ionization chamber. This compact device, roughly the size of a thumbnail at 4 mm by 4 mm by 0.5 mm, delivers exceptional performance for diagnostic X-ray dosimetry while holding potential for broader applications in radiation therapy.

The innovation addresses longstanding challenges in ensuring precise, consistent radiation dosing across clinical workflows. In Japan, where advanced imaging and radiotherapy are staples in healthcare—with over 4 million CT scans performed annually—accurate dosimetry is vital for patient safety and treatment efficacy. This new detector operates effectively at low voltages, making it suitable for real-time monitoring and potentially unifying measurement standards from diagnosis to treatment.

🔬 The Challenges of Traditional Radiation Dosimetry

Radiation dosimetry, the precise measurement of absorbed radiation doses, underpins medical imaging and cancer therapy. Conventional air-filled ionization chambers dominate due to their simplicity, but they face significant limitations. These devices rely on ionizing radiation creating electron-ion pairs in air, requiring large volumes—often around 10 cubic centimeters—for adequate sensitivity at low doses typical of diagnostic X-rays (20-150 kVp).

This bulkiness hinders spatial resolution, complicates in vivo placement during treatments, and introduces inconsistencies when switching devices for high-dose radiotherapy. Energy dependence and low efficiency at diagnostic levels further complicate accurate dose mapping. In Japanese hospitals, where X-ray diagnostics account for a substantial portion of radiation exposure, these issues amplify risks of over- or under-dosing, particularly in precision procedures like stereotactic body radiation therapy.

Diamond, however, offers a superior alternative. As a wide-bandgap semiconductor (5.5 eV), synthetic diamond exhibits high carrier mobility (up to 4500 cm²/Vs for electrons), radiation hardness, and near-perfect tissue equivalence (effective atomic number Z_eff ≈ 6.0, close to human tissue's 7.4). Its fast charge collection (nanoseconds) minimizes recombination losses, enabling reliable performance in harsh radiation fields.

Engineering the Heteroepitaxial Diamond Detector

TMU's breakthrough hinges on heteroepitaxial growth, a technique where diamond crystals are layered atom-by-atom onto non-diamond substrates like iridium-coated sapphire using microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD). Orbray's expertise in producing large-area (up to 50 mm) high-purity diamonds enabled this scalable fabrication.

The detector fabrication process involves: (1) growing a 500 µm thick diamond film; (2) cutting into chips; (3) depositing titanium/gold electrodes; (4) sealing in light-blocking polyethylene. A priming irradiation of 10 Gy therapeutic X-rays stabilizes charge traps, ensuring consistent operation.

At -100 V bias, the 8 mm³ sensitive volume yields sensitivity 13,500 times higher per volume than standard air chambers. This low-voltage operation—far below typical diamond detectors' 500 V—reduces power needs and polarization effects, a common challenge where trapped charges alter electric fields.

Superior Performance Metrics

Systematic testing revealed outstanding characteristics:

• Sensitivity: Matches full-size air chamber at -50 V; doubles at -100 V.
• Linearity: Deviation <0.3% across diagnostic doses (0.1-10 mGy).
• Energy Independence: Response within 10% across 20-150 kVp without filters.
• Stability: Post-priming, minimal signal fade; delayed charge component negligible at clinical rates.

Monte Carlo simulations (PHITS code) validated physics, though experimental sensitivity exceeded predictions, attributed to interfacial fields enhancing collection efficiency. Compared to micro-ion chambers or diodes, the diamond device offers better tissue equivalence and radiation tolerance, ideal for prolonged exposures.

Photo by Logan Voss on Unsplash

Transforming X-ray Diagnostics in Japan

Japan's healthcare system performs millions of X-ray procedures yearly, with CT contributing ~40% of medical radiation exposure. Low-dose precision is critical to minimize stochastic risks like cancer induction. The TMU dosimeter's high sensitivity enables accurate mapping in small fields, supporting advanced modalities like cone-beam CT.

Its compactness facilitates wearable or implantable use for pediatric or interventional radiology, where minimizing dose is paramount. Professor Shinsho notes, "This opens doors to consistent dosimetry, bridging diagnostic and therapeutic gaps." For Japanese universities training medical physicists, such innovations underscore TMU's role in translational research.

Bridging Diagnosis and Radiotherapy

Radiotherapy demands high-dose accuracy (Gy levels), where current detectors struggle with saturation or volume averaging. The diamond dosimeter's versatility shines: low-energy success implies scalability to MV beams. Tissue equivalence eliminates correction factors, enhancing in vivo verification during intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) or proton therapy—fields where Japan excels with ~15 proton centers.

Real-time feedback could optimize adaptive radiotherapy, adjusting beams dynamically. Arrays of these detectors mimic camera sensors, enabling 2D/3D dose imaging for quality assurance.

Japan's Diamond Technology Ecosystem

Orbray's heteroepitaxial diamonds build on decades of CVD progress, from 2021's 2-inch KENZAN Diamond™. Collaborations with TMU and Tohoku exemplify Japan's university-industry synergy, supported by grants like GG5-1170. TMU's Human Health Sciences program integrates this research into curricula, fostering med physics talent.

Broader impacts include environmental monitoring post-Fukushima, where radiation-hard detectors track low-level contamination. Personal dosimeters for workers could leverage wireless arrays.

Challenges and Pathways Forward

While promising, hurdles remain: priming logistics, delayed charge at ultra-low doses, and manufacturing scale-up for clinical certification. Long-term stability under MV fields needs validation. TMU plans array prototypes and therapy trials.

• Step 1: Enhance doping for voltage reduction.
• Step 2: Integrate with electronics for wireless use.
• Step 3: Clinical trials via Japan's PMDA.

Global reviews highlight diamond dosimeters' advantages in small-field dosimetry, positioning this as a leap forward.

Photo by Peter Thomas on Unsplash

Implications for Higher Education and Research Careers

TMU's work exemplifies Japan's push in materials science for health, attracting PhD candidates in radiological sciences. Programs at TMU, Tohoku, and others offer hands-on detector R&D, with growing demand for experts in quantum sensors and med physics. For aspiring researchers, this breakthrough signals opportunities in Japan's robust funding ecosystem, including JSPS grants.

Stakeholders—from clinicians to policymakers—anticipate standardized dosimetry reducing errors by 20-30%, per simulation models. Future outlooks include implantable versions for personalized therapy.

Global Context and Japanese Innovation Leadership

Worldwide, diamond detectors gain traction for FLASH therapy (ultra-high dose rates). Japan's contributions, via TMU's heteroepitaxy, lead in low-voltage efficiency. With aging populations driving radiotherapy demand—Japan's cancer incidence ~1 million cases/year—this tech aligns with national health strategies.

Multidisciplinary training at TMU equips graduates for roles in hospitals, industry like Orbray, and academia, bolstering Japan's medtech exports.