New Zealand Universities Lead Breakthroughs in Neuroimaging for Neurodiversity
New Zealand's higher education institutions are at the forefront of innovative research using brain scans to better understand and potentially diagnose conditions like Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Researchers from the University of Auckland, in collaboration with partners like the Auckland Bioengineering Institute and Mātai Medical Research Institute, are developing advanced imaging techniques that could transform how these neurodevelopmental conditions are identified and managed. This work highlights the critical role of university-led initiatives in addressing gaps in clinical practice, where traditional diagnosis relies heavily on subjective behavioral assessments.
ADHD affects approximately one in 20 New Zealanders, equating to around 280,000 individuals, while ASD prevalence is estimated at one in 68 children. Current diagnostic processes often involve lengthy questionnaires and observations, leading to delays—sometimes years—in confirmation. University researchers are leveraging Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and functional MRI (fMRI) to map brain differences, offering objective biomarkers that could enable earlier interventions and personalized treatments.
The Fidgeting Brain: University of Auckland's MRI Study Reveals Focus Benefits
A compelling study from the University of Auckland's Auckland Bioengineering Institute has shown that fidgeting—such as foot-tapping, hair-twirling, or pen-clicking—activates key brain regions in individuals with ADHD, aiding concentration. Led by Xirui Zhao and Associate Professor Justin Fernandez, the research used multimodal MRI scans to capture brain structure, function, and chemistry during fidgeting tasks. Unlike neurotypical brains, where such movements disrupt focus, ADHD brains exhibited enhanced activation in the decision-making frontal lobe areas.
This finding challenges stereotypes of fidgeting as mere distraction, suggesting it as a natural compensatory mechanism. The frontal lobe, responsible for executive functions like planning and impulse control, matures differently in ADHD, often lagging behind. By scanning during real-world behaviors, the team aims to create a comprehensive ADHD brain atlas, accounting for age, sex, and subtypes. Early results promise tools for more precise diagnostics, moving beyond checklists to measurable neural signatures.
Building the ADHD Brain Atlas: Marsden Fund Boosts Gisborne Project
Securing $837,000 from the Marsden Fund, Associate Professor Justin Fernandez's team at Mātai Medical Research Institute—closely tied to University of Auckland—is constructing New Zealand's first ADHD brain atlas. Using ultra-fast hyperband fMRI, the project scans diverse participants during tasks to pinpoint biomarkers. Partnerships with GE Healthcare enable cutting-edge imaging in Gisborne, capturing subtle brain responses overlooked in standard protocols.
This initiative addresses diagnostic inequities, particularly in regional areas. By identifying ADHD subtypes through structural and functional variances, it paves the way for tailored therapies, such as targeted medications or behavioral strategies. University involvement ensures rigorous ethics and data integration, positioning NZ as a leader in neuroengineering.
Genetic Insights from University of Auckland: Precision Diagnosis for Autism
Complementing neuroimaging, Dr. Jessie Jacobsen's team at the University of Auckland's Centre for Brain Research analyzed genomes from 201 autistic individuals and 101 family members. Employing flexible whole-genome sequencing, they identified causal variants in 12.9% and likely causal in 15.9%, especially among those with developmental delays or intellectual disability. This 41% diagnostic yield offers concrete answers, enabling personalized management.
The Autism Research Clinic at CBR applies these methods clinically, reducing diagnostic odysseys. Variants align with neurodevelopmental genes from databases like Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative, validating the approach across comorbidities like ADHD. For NZ's public health system, this means cost-effective, scalable testing without re-sequencing as new genes emerge.
Advanced MRI Techniques Driving Discoveries at NZ Universities
Resting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI) measures spontaneous brain activity, revealing connectivity differences in ADHD and ASD. University of Auckland's Centre for Advanced MRI (CAMRI) employs hyperband sequences for rapid, high-resolution scans. Structural MRI assesses gray/white matter volumes, while diffusion tensor imaging tracks white matter tracts.
- rs-fMRI: Highlights default mode network disruptions common in both conditions.
- Task-based fMRI: Captures executive function deficits during cognitive challenges.
- Multimodal fusion: Combines data for robust biomarkers.
Otago's Neuroscience Research Group complements with EEG for real-time activity, bridging gaps in MRI accessibility.
Overcoming Diagnostic Challenges: From Checklists to Biomarkers
Traditional ADHD/ASD diagnosis depends on DSM-5 checklists, prone to bias and overlap (50% co-occurrence). NZ unis' research shows neural markers like frontal hypoactivation in ADHD and atypical connectivity in ASD, independent of behavior. Xirui Zhao notes: “Building tools for personalised understanding of ADHD.” This objectivity could cut wait times from years to months, vital for NZ's 20% neurodivergent population.
University of Auckland's genetic study paper demonstrates 89-95% accuracy in variant detection, revolutionizing certainty.
Implications for New Zealand Higher Education and Research Ecosystem
These projects underscore universities' pivot to translational neuroresearch. UoA's CBR integrates genetics, imaging, and clinics, funded by Marsden and Health Research Council. Collaborations with Mātai exemplify public-private models, training PhD students in AI-neuroimaging analysis.
Challenges include scanner access and diverse cohorts reflecting Māori/Pasifika overrepresentation in neurodiversity. Unis advocate for policy changes, like funding brain atlases in national health strategies.
Personalized Medicine and Early Intervention Horizons
Biomarkers enable subtyping: hyperactive vs inattentive ADHD, high/low support ASD. Early detection via scans/genetics allows interventions like neurofeedback or gene-informed therapies. For educators, understanding neural diversity informs inclusive teaching.
NZ's small population aids cohort studies, exporting models globally.
Stakeholder Perspectives and Future Directions
Dr. Jacobsen emphasizes: “Genetic answers end long searches.” Fernandez's atlas promises sex/age-specific profiles. Integrating AI for pattern recognition accelerates analysis.
Future: Longitudinal studies tracking brain changes, Māori-led research, clinical trials. Unis seek more funding amid rising demand.
Broader Societal Impact and University Contributions
With neurodiversity stigma fading via podcasts like No Such Thing as Normal, uni research destigmatizes via science. Economic benefits: reduced misdiagnosis costs ($millions annually). Unis train clinicians, fostering neurodiversity-affirming careers.
NZ leads by blending neuroimaging, genetics, AI—positioning higher ed as health innovation hubs.
