Breakthrough in Quantum Sensing at NTU Singapore

Researchers at Nanyang Technological University (NTU) in Singapore have unveiled a groundbreaking approach to measuring low-frequency electric fields using chains of Rydberg atoms. This innovation, detailed in a recent publication, promises to revolutionize quantum sensing by transforming invisible electric fields into detectable quantum signals with unprecedented precision.

The method leverages the unique properties of Rydberg atoms—atoms excited to high-energy states with massive electric dipole moments—to create a dipolar chain sensor. By encoding both the strength and direction (vector) of electric fields into the collective dynamics of these atomic chains, NTU scientists have overcome longstanding limitations in traditional sensing technologies. This development positions NTU as a leader in applied quantum technologies, aligning with Singapore's ambitious National Quantum Strategy.

The Need for Advanced Low-Frequency Electric Field Sensing

Low-frequency electric fields, often in the quasi-static or DC range, are ubiquitous but challenging to measure accurately. They play critical roles in geophysics for detecting underground structures, in electrical engineering for monitoring power lines, in aerospace for plasma diagnostics, and in medical technology for non-invasive bioelectric signal detection. Conventional sensors like field mills or capacitive antennas suffer from trade-offs: they may lack traceability to fundamental standards, struggle with vector (directional) resolution, or fail to miniaturize for portable use.

Quantum sensing offers a paradigm shift by exploiting quantum phenomena like superposition and entanglement for sensitivities beyond classical limits. Rydberg atoms have emerged as stars in this field due to their exaggerated response to electric fields, but prior vapor-cell based methods were hampered by Doppler broadening, collisions, and ensemble averaging, limiting spatial resolution to millimeters and spectral linewidths to megahertz.

Understanding Rydberg Atoms and Dipolar Interactions

Rydberg atoms are neutral atoms laser-excited to principal quantum numbers n >> 1, resulting in electron orbits the size of viruses and dipole moments scaling as n²—up to thousands of Debye units. This makes them hypersensitive to electric fields, where even microvolts per meter can Stark-shift energy levels dramatically.

In NTU's design, atoms are trapped in a one-dimensional chain using optical tweezers, spaced ~10 micrometers apart. Resonant dipole-dipole interactions between neighboring Rydberg atoms enable excitation hopping, modeled as an XY spin chain Hamiltonian. The interaction strength J(θ) = C₃ / a³ (1 - 3 cos²θ), where θ is the angle between the chain axis and the atomic quantization axis (aligned with the total electric field), introduces angular dependence critical for vector sensing.

A bias field sets the baseline θ₀ ≈ 45° near the 'magic angle' (54.7°), where sensitivity peaks because dJ/dθ diverges, minimizing bias errors.

NTU's Unified Sensing Framework: Three Complementary Signals

The NTU team developed a unified framework extracting field information via three observables from the chain's many-body dynamics:

• Excitation Arrival Time (Time Domain): A microwave pulse excites one end; propagation speed v_g = dE/d(ℏk) depends on J(θ), yielding first-arrival time t* ∝ (N-1)a / v_g at the far end. Simulations show anisotropic response to field magnitude |E_sig| and azimuth ϕ_sig.
• Ramsey Spectrum (Energy Domain): π/2 pulses at ends probe eigenmodes; lowest frequency ω₁(θ) shifts with θ, enabling vector readout. Quantum-enhanced states like GHZ could beat SQL by √N.
• Transmission Spectrum (Frequency Domain): Weak drive at one end, readout at other via Green's function G(ω); fringes shift/amplify with field, analyzed for ΔD (spacing) and amplitude changes.

These multi-domain readouts provide redundancy and tunability.

Superior Advantages of the Rydberg Chain Sensor

Unlike vapor-cell EIT, which averages over billions of atoms with MHz linewidths, NTU's chain offers site-resolved probing at kHz linewidths, micrometer resolution, and intrinsic vector sensitivity without moving parts. Scalable to arrays for imaging, compatible with integrated photonics, and poised for entanglement-enhanced precision, it bridges quantum metrology gaps.

The Research Team Behind the Innovation

Led by Nanyang Assistant Professor Guangwei Hu from NTU's School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, the team includes Jiaming Sun, Cuong Dang, Tierui Gong (NTU), and collaborators Xinyao Huang, Junying Zhang (Beihang University). Hu's Nanophotonics Group focuses on quantum materials and devices, with over 100 high-impact publications. The paper, published February 2, 2026, in Frontiers of Optoelectronics (DOI: 10.2738/foe.2026.0006), graces the cover, underscoring its significance.

Nanyang Quantum Hub: NTU's Quantum Research Epicenter

NTU's Nanyang Quantum Hub (NQH), spanning 1100 m² of labs, drives this work. Focusing on quantum computing, sensing, communication, and engineered systems like cold atoms, NQH unites physicists, engineers, and mathematicians. With 9 PIs including NRF Fellows, it exemplifies NTU's quantum prowess.

Singapore's Quantum Ambitions and NTU's Pivotal Role

Singapore's National Quantum Strategy (NQS, 2024) invests S$300M in quantum R&D, aiming for excellence via CQT@NUS/NTU, National Quantum Computing Hub, and workforce training. NTU contributes via NQH and spin-offs like quantum control tech with NUS.NTU NQH positions Singapore as Asia's quantum hub.

Transformative Applications Across Industries

• Geophysics: Map subsurface anomalies for resource exploration.
• Electrical Engineering: Diagnose faults in power grids non-invasively.
• Aerospace: Monitor spacecraft plasma fields.
• Medical Tech: Detect bioelectric signals for neural interfaces.
• Quantum Tech: Calibrate qubits, enable portable sensors.

Compactness suits wearables, drones, IoT.

Future Outlook: Scaling to Quantum-Enhanced Sensors

NTU's framework scales with chain length N for √N precision gains, extendable to 2D/3D arrays via tweezers. Entangled inputs promise Heisenberg-limited sensing. Prototyping with rubidium/strontium arrays is feasible now, paving for hybrid quantum-classical devices. This advances Singapore's quantum sovereignty and global leadership.

Career Opportunities in Singapore's Quantum Sector

NTU and Singapore's quantum boom create jobs in research, engineering. From postdocs to faculty in quantum sensing, explore openings amid NQS funding.

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