Background on Open Access and Article Processing Charges

The push for open access publishing has reshaped how federally funded research reaches the public. Since the 2022 Office of Science and Technology Policy guidance requiring immediate public access to taxpayer-supported findings by 2026, many researchers have turned to open-access journals that charge article processing charges, or APCs. These fees, often exceeding $3,000 per paper on average, cover peer review, editing, and distribution while ensuring no paywall blocks readers.

Federal grants have long allowed researchers to budget for these costs as direct expenses. This approach helped meet public-access mandates without draining institutional resources. However, rising APCs have drawn scrutiny from policymakers concerned about costs and value.

The OMB Proposal Details

In late May 2026, the Office of Management and Budget published a proposed rule revising the Uniform Guidance for federal financial assistance. The document, appearing in the Federal Register, explicitly states that publication costs—including page charges, APCs, and similar open-access fees—are unallowable under federal awards for grants issued on or after October 1, 2026.

The proposal argues that such fees often serve institutional or reputational goals rather than core federal program objectives. It also tightens political oversight of grantmaking, requiring senior appointees to approve awards and restricting certain foreign collaborations. Comments on the rule close in mid-July 2026.

This change directly affects how universities and researchers cover publishing expenses for work supported by agencies such as the National Institutes of Health and the National Science Foundation.

Impacts on U.S. Universities and Researchers

Universities across the country now face difficult choices. Many have relied on federal grants to offset APCs for faculty and graduate students. Without this option, institutions may need to reallocate internal funds, negotiate bulk deals with publishers, or encourage submission to no-fee diamond open-access venues.

Early-career researchers and those at resource-limited institutions could feel the strain most acutely. Publishing in high-visibility journals often requires APCs, and shifting the burden to personal or departmental budgets risks slowing the dissemination of important findings.

Library budgets, already stretched by journal subscription costs, may face additional pressure if institutions absorb more publishing expenses. Some administrators are exploring consortia models or institutional repositories as alternatives.

Reactions from Higher Education Stakeholders

University leaders and scholarly communication offices have expressed concern. The proposal arrives just as agencies finalize implementation of the 2022 open-access mandate, creating tension between accessibility goals and funding realities.

Faculty senates at several research universities have begun drafting responses, emphasizing that APCs remain the primary mechanism for compliance with federal public-access rules. Professional associations representing librarians and research administrators are preparing formal comments.

Publishers note that the change could accelerate shifts toward subscription models or hybrid options, though many journals already offer waivers or discounts for authors from certain regions or institutions.

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Broader Implications for Academic Publishing

The ban on federal APC funding could reshape the economics of scholarly communication. Diamond open-access journals, which charge neither authors nor readers, may gain traction. Societies and university presses are positioning themselves as lower-cost alternatives.

At the same time, the proposal highlights ongoing debates about the sustainability of the APC model. Critics argue that high fees concentrate publishing power among well-funded labs, while proponents see APCs as a transparent way to support quality peer review.

Researchers may increasingly seek preprint servers or institutional repositories for initial dissemination, with peer-reviewed versions following through alternative funding routes.

Case Studies from Affected Institutions

At large public research universities, grant offices are modeling scenarios where APC budgets shift to central administration. One midwestern institution estimates an annual shortfall of several million dollars if the rule stands.

Private universities with strong endowments may absorb costs more easily, potentially widening disparities between resource-rich and resource-constrained campuses. Community colleges and primarily undergraduate institutions with smaller federal grant portfolios face fewer direct effects but still feel ripple impacts through collaborative research.

Expert Perspectives and Policy Context

Policy analysts note that the proposal aligns with broader efforts to reduce federal spending on indirect research costs. It also responds to congressional interest in controlling publishing expenses tied to open-access mandates.

Some experts suggest the change could spur innovation in publishing workflows, including greater use of AI-assisted peer review or society-led platforms. Others warn of unintended consequences, such as delayed publications or reduced international collaboration.

Future Outlook and Potential Outcomes

The final rule could take effect in fall 2026, but litigation or congressional intervention remains possible. Higher education groups are actively engaging during the comment period to seek carve-outs or transition funding.

Longer term, the sector may see accelerated adoption of read-and-publish agreements, where institutions pay publishers for both access and open-access publishing rights in bundled deals. Federal agencies might also explore direct support for nonprofit publishing initiatives.

Regardless of the outcome, the proposal has already sparked renewed campus conversations about the future of scholarly communication and the role of federal policy in shaping it.

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Actionable Insights for Academics and Administrators

Researchers should review current grant budgets and identify APC-eligible projects before the October 2026 cutoff. Administrators can audit publishing expenditures and explore partnerships with no-fee journals or institutional funds.

Graduate students and postdocs may benefit from workshops on alternative dissemination strategies, including preprints and open repositories. Professional development offices are encouraged to track agency guidance as implementation details emerge.

Conclusion

The White House proposal to make APCs unallowable under federal awards represents a significant shift in how the United States supports open-access publishing. While aimed at controlling costs and clarifying allowable expenses, the change raises important questions about equity, compliance, and the sustainability of the current scholarly publishing ecosystem. Higher education institutions and researchers will need to adapt quickly as the comment period closes and final rules take shape.