Religious Diversity Ranking: Study Finds Singapore World's Most Religiously Diverse Nation

Unveiling the Study: Pew Research Center's Latest Insights

A groundbreaking report released on February 12, 2026, by the Pew Research Center titled "Religious Diversity Around the World" has positioned Singapore as the global leader in religious diversity. This comprehensive analysis, covering 201 countries and territories representing 99.98% of the world's population, utilizes a sophisticated Religious Diversity Index (RDI) to quantify diversity across seven major religious categories: Christians, Muslims, Hindus, Buddhists, Jews, folk religions and other faiths grouped as 'other religions,' and the religiously unaffiliated. 85 86

The RDI, adapted from ecological species diversity measures and economic market concentration indices like the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index, scores nations from 0 (complete homogeneity) to 10 (perfect even distribution). Singapore achieves an impressive 9.3, the highest score worldwide, reflecting no dominant religious majority and a balanced spread of beliefs. 37

This finding aligns closely with Singapore's own Census of Population 2020 data from the Department of Statistics, which reports Buddhism at 31.1%, no religion at 20.0%, Christianity at 18.9%, Islam at 15.6%, Taoism at 8.8%, Hinduism at 5.0%, and other religions including Sikhism at 0.6% combined. 48 Such equilibrium underscores Singapore's unique position as a harmonious multi-religious society.

Decoding the Religious Diversity Index Methodology

The RDI calculation involves squaring the population proportions of each religious group, summing them for a concentration score, subtracting from 1 for diversity, and rescaling to 0-10. For Singapore, this yields its top ranking due to shares hovering around even distribution without exceeding 31% for any group. The study uses 2020 estimates derived from over 2,700 censuses and surveys, part of the Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures project. 86

Notably, the index's broad categories may understate true diversity; subdividing 'other religions' in Singapore (e.g., Daoism, Chinese folk religions) would elevate the score further. Globally, Asia-Pacific leads with an RDI of 8.7, hosting six of the top 10 most diverse nations including Taiwan, South Korea, and Australia. 85

• Very high diversity (7.0-10.0): 8 countries, 1% of world population
• High (5.5-6.9): 33 countries, 19%
• Moderate (2.0-5.4): 89 countries, 58%
• Low and very low: Concentrated in Middle East-North Africa

From 2010-2020, diversity remained stable in most places, with gains in the U.S. from Christian disaffiliation.

Singapore's Religious Landscape: A Closer Look

Singapore's diversity stems from its immigrant history: Chinese-majority Buddhists and Taoists, Malay Muslims, Indian Hindus and Sikhs, and a growing Christian community plus unaffiliated. The 2020 census highlights shifts: Buddhism stable, Christianity up from 2010, no religion rising among youth. 46

Urban planning reflects this: ethnic enclaves like Little India (Hindu temples), Kampong Glam (mosques), and Chinatown (Buddhist/Taoist sites) coexist with modern interfaith spaces. Government policies under the Maintenance of Religious Harmony Act (1990, revised 2023) promote tolerance, prohibiting proselytizing in sensitive areas and fostering the Inter-Religious Organisation (IRO) since 1949.

This managed pluralism has sustained peace, with rare incidents addressed swiftly.

Global Comparisons and Regional Context

Suriname ranks second (RDI near 9), with Christian-Hindu-Muslim balance; sub-Saharan Africa's Togo, Benin follow. Least diverse: Yemen, Afghanistan (99%+ Muslim). Among populous nations, U.S. leads (5.8), Nigeria second. 85 Asia-Pacific's lack of majority (unaffiliated 33%, Muslims/Hindus 26% each) drives regional supremacy.

Singapore's score outpaces neighbors like Malaysia (6.3, Muslim majority) and stands alone in Southeast Asia.

Photo by Bing Hui Yau on Unsplash

Religious Diversity on Singapore's University Campuses

Singapore's universities mirror national diversity, attracting 40,000+ international students annually from 150 countries to institutions like National University of Singapore (NUS), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), and Singapore Management University (SMU). Campuses host prayer rooms for Muslims, Hindus, Christians; halal/kosher/vegetarian options abound.

NUS Interfaith Initiative bridges Muslim Society and Varsity Christian Fellowship via dialogues; NTU's Interfaith Circle promotes events. SMU's religious studies programs examine pluralism. 72 This fosters inclusive environments, vital for global talent.Higher ed jobs in Singapore often emphasize cultural sensitivity.

Academic Research Driving Understanding of Diversity

Singapore academics lead studies: SMU's Assoc. Prof. Orlando Woods received grants for 'superdiversity' research, exploring how faiths manage migration-driven diversity. 59 NUS Institute of Policy Studies' 2025 working paper analyzes religious identity, finding 1/3 prioritize tradition.

Books like "Religious Diversity in Singapore" (ISEAS) detail campus interfaith efforts. Research shows diversity boosts resilience via social support among students. 56 Universities integrate Religious Knowledge (RK) modules, defining terms like secularism step-by-step: state neutrality allowing private practice.

• NUS: Hosts IRO dialogues
• NTU: Diversity training for staff
• SMU: Sociology of religion courses

Challenges and Harmony Initiatives in Higher Education

Despite harmony, challenges arise: 2010s online tensions, campus event sensitivities. Universities respond with guidelines: no proselytizing, inclusive events. Pew's 2023 analysis notes Singapore's high tolerance—56% say diversity enriches society. 27

Step-by-step conflict resolution: 1) Awareness workshops; 2) Mediation by chaplains; 3) Reporting via student affairs. Case: 2022 NTU interfaith festival united 500 students post-global tensions.

Stakeholders—students, faculty, admins—view diversity as asset for innovation, though 10% report microaggressions needing address.

Benefits for Innovation and Global Employability

Diversity enhances critical thinking: studies show diverse peers improve academic performance, behavioral openness. 58 Singapore unis rank top globally (NUS #8 QS 2026), partly due to multicultural research teams.

Graduates gain interfaith skills, boosting careers. Higher ed career advice highlights this edge.

Photo by Andy Wang on Unsplash

Future Outlook: Sustaining Diversity in Education

With RIE2030 investing S$37B in research, including quantum/AI at unis, religious studies expand. Projections: unaffiliated rise to 25% by 2030; unis prepare via lifelong learning on harmony.

Implications: Attract top faculty/researchers; university jobs emphasize diversity. Policymakers eye Pew data for enhancements.

Actionable Insights for Higher Ed Stakeholders

- Admins: Implement annual diversity audits.

• Expand prayer facilities
• Partner IRO for training

- Faculty: Integrate pluralism in curricula.

- Students: Join interfaith clubs; rate professors on Rate My Professor.

For jobs, visit higher-ed-jobs, faculty positions, Singapore listings. Explore academic CV tips.