A groundbreaking study led by researchers from the University of Wyoming (UWyo) has reignited one of archaeology's most enduring debates: when did humans first arrive in the Americas? Published in the prestigious journal Science on March 19, 2026, the research reexamines the iconic Monte Verde site in southern Chile, long hailed as evidence of pre-Clovis human occupation dating back 14,500 years. By employing rigorous stratigraphic analysis and new radiocarbon dating, the team concludes the site's occupation layer is significantly younger—dating to the Middle Holocene period, approximately 8,200 to 4,200 years before present. This finding, spearheaded by UWyo Professor Todd A. Surovell, challenges foundational assumptions about early migration routes and timelines, prompting fresh scrutiny of how and when the first peoples populated the New World.

The University of Wyoming's Department of Anthropology, renowned for its focus on Paleoindian archaeology and hunter-gatherer studies, played a pivotal role. Surovell, director of the George C. Frison Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, collaborated with experts from Pontificia Universidad Católica in Chile, BOKU University in Austria, and the U.S. Geological Survey. Their four-year investigation marks the first independent verification of Monte Verde in nearly 50 years, underscoring the value of U.S. higher education institutions in global archaeological inquiry.

Discovered in 1976 along the Chinchihuapi Creek, Monte Verde—specifically the Monte Verde II (MV-II) layer—yielded extraordinary artifacts: wooden tools, a human footprint, building foundations, hearths, and remains of extinct animals. Initial radiocarbon dates placed MV-II at around 14,500 years old, predating the Clovis culture in North America (circa 13,000 years ago) by 1,500 years. This 'pre-Clovis' designation gained traction after a 1997 site visit by skeptical archaeologists, who validated the findings and reshaped textbooks worldwide.

Monte Verde became the anchor for theories of early coastal migration along the Pacific, bypassing North America's ice sheets via a 'kelp highway.' It suggested humans reached South America rapidly after entering the Americas, fueling debates against the 'Clovis First' model, which posits entry via an ice-free corridor around 13,000 years ago. For decades, the site symbolized paradigm-shifting evidence, but its destruction by logging and flooding preserved it only in memory and publications—until Surovell's team revisited the geology.

The researchers sampled nine alluvial deposits along the creek banks and a nearby gravel quarry, focusing on the site's geomorphic context. Key was identifying the Lepúe Tephra—a volcanic ash layer dated to 11,000 years ago via geochemical fingerprinting. This tephra underlies the occupation surface, capping older glacial meltwater deposits (26,000–15,500 years old) and beds of Ice Age wood (14,750–13,500 years old).

Radiocarbon dating of wood and peat from two stratigraphic sections yielded ages of 7,200 to 4,100 years old for the inset fluvial deposit hosting MV-II. Erosion redeposited ancient wood into younger layers, inflating prior dates based on materials like seaweed. No micromorphology or bone analysis was needed, as the macro-stratigraphy clearly post-dates the tephra. The full study details these methods, emphasizing independent verification for outlier sites.

The occupation surface formed after 8,600 years ago, placing MV-II firmly in the Middle Holocene (8,200–4,200 years B.P.). Older dates stemmed from redeposition, not in situ human activity. An 11,000-year-old tephra below the artifacts confirms the site's youth, contradicting Late Pleistocene claims. Surovell notes: “Monte Verde is best known as the site that broke the Clovis barrier... We now correct the record and show that the site is much younger than initially believed.”

This resets South America's earliest firmly dated sites closer to Clovis timelines, questioning rapid post-glacial spread. While not ruling out earlier arrivals, it removes MV-II as a benchmark, supporting interior North American migration as viable.

Pre-Clovis advocates relied on MV-II to favor Pacific coastal routes, rejecting ice-free corridors due to timing mismatches. Without it, corridors reopen as possibilities. Genetic data from ancient DNA increasingly points to Beringian standstill around 25,000–15,000 years ago, with southward pulses post-16,000 years ago. Sites like White Sands footprints (21,000–23,000 years) in New Mexico remain contested, but UWyo's work calls for replication.

Surovell's prior research, including 2022 PLOS One analysis questioning sites like Chiquihuite Cave and Cooper's Ferry, builds a pattern: stratigraphic mixing inflates ages. For U.S. anthropology programs, this highlights methodological rigor amid growing pre-Clovis claims. Explore Surovell's earlier critiques.

Photo by Logan Voss on Unsplash

The paper sparked backlash. Tom Dillehay (Vanderbilt University), MV-II's excavator, disputes the tephra's presence under the site, claiming samples from distant sections misproject geology. Michael Waters (Texas A&M) calls it “egregiously poor geological work,” citing missing micromorphology and impossible terrace formation claims. David Meltzer (Southern Methodist) notes off-site sampling.

Dillehay's team plans a response addressing “methodological, empirical, and contextual errors,” accusing a Clovis-First agenda. Surovell welcomes scrutiny: “Future independent analyses are needed.” LiveScience coverage captures this divide: read the full debate.

Home to the Paleoindian Research Lab and George C. Frison Institute, UWyo's anthropology department excels in Rocky Mountain archaeology. Surovell heads the Frison Institute, focusing on Late Pleistocene adaptations. Recent digs at La Prele Mammoth (Clovis site) uncovered North America's oldest bead (13,000 years old). Field schools train students in CRM methods, blending undergrad/grad education with Wyoming State Archaeologist collaboration.

This Monte Verde project exemplifies UWyo's global impact, fostering interdisciplinary ties. For aspiring archaeologists, it showcases tenure-track paths in U.S. land-grant universities.

• White Sands, NM: Footprints dated 21,000–23,000 years; contested dating.
• Cooper's Ferry, ID: Stemmed points ~16,000 years; potential Pacific link.
• Chiquihuite Cave, Mexico: Stones ~30,000 years; mixing alleged.
• Hell Gap, WY: UWyo-linked, supports post-13,000 arrival.

Surovell's 2022 continental analysis used 'Apparent Paradoxical Loss' statistic to flag mixing in three pre-Clovis sites.

Calls grow for micromorphology at MV-II remnants and DNA from artifacts. Genomics (e.g., ancient Beringian pops) may clarify timings. U.S. funding via NSF supports such verification, vital for anthropology curricula. UWyo's repository (UWAR) aids preservation.

As debates evolve, U.S. colleges like UWyo position as leaders, training next-gen researchers amid shifting narratives.

UWyo's M.A./Ph.D. programs emphasize hunter-gatherer archaeology, preparing grads for academia, CRM, museums. Surovell's mentorship highlights rigorous skepticism, countering publication biases. Amid U.S. enrollment in anthropology stabilizing, such high-profile work boosts visibility, attracting talent to Plains research hubs.

For faculty, it underscores tenure via paradigm challenges; for students, interdisciplinary skills (geochronology, stats).

Photo by Rick Rothenberg on Unsplash

Whether MV-II stands or falls, the study advances science via replication. It reminds: extraordinary claims demand extraordinary evidence. UWyo's contribution elevates U.S. higher ed in global anthropology, fostering debate toward consensus on humanity's American odyssey.