A groundbreaking study from the University of the Free State (UFS) has uncovered the presence of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in popular menstrual products sold across South Africa, raising serious questions about product safety and consumer health. Researchers analyzed the top layer of 16 sanitary pad brands and eight panty liner types, commonly available in retail stores, and found that every single sample contained at least two types of these hormone-interfering substances. This revelation challenges the claims of some products marketed as 'organic' or 'free from harmful chemicals,' highlighting a hidden risk in everyday feminine hygiene items used by millions of South African women monthly.
The findings, published in the prestigious journal Science of the Total Environment, mark the first comprehensive investigation into EDC contamination in menstrual products within the country. With South Africa facing broader public health challenges like rising infertility rates and hormonal disorders, this UFS-led research underscores the vital role of higher education institutions in addressing real-world environmental and health threats.
Understanding Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs)
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals, often abbreviated as EDCs, are synthetic compounds that interfere with the body's natural hormone systems. These chemicals mimic, block, or alter hormones like estrogen and testosterone, which regulate reproduction, metabolism, growth, and development. Common EDCs include phthalates (used in plastics for flexibility), parabens (preservatives in cosmetics), and bisphenols (such as BPA, found in adhesives and coatings).
In the context of menstrual products, EDCs can leach from manufacturing materials—plastics, glues, and dyes—especially during heat-pressing processes that bond product layers. The top sheet, in direct contact with sensitive vaginal mucosa, allows rapid absorption, bypassing the skin's protective barrier. Over decades of use (typically 3-5 days per month for 40 years), even low levels accumulate, potentially leading to long-term disruptions.
- Phthalates: Linked to reduced fertility, birth defects, and thyroid issues.
- Parabens: Mimic estrogen, associated with breast cancer risk.
- Bisphenols: Disrupt ovarian function, contributing to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and early puberty.
Globally, EDCs are implicated in declining female fertility rates, with studies showing phthalate exposure correlates with shorter menstrual cycles and lower egg quality. In South Africa, where women already grapple with high PCOS prevalence (up to 20% in some urban areas), this exposure pathway demands scrutiny.
The UFS Research Team Behind the Breakthrough
Led by Prof. Hendrik G. Visser, Head of the UFS Department of Chemistry, the multidisciplinary team included PhD candidate Janine Blignaut, Dr. Gabre Kemp from Microbiology and Biochemistry, Prof. Elizabeth Erasmus, and Prof. Marietjie Schutte-Smith. Housed within UFS's Centre for Environmental Management, this collaboration exemplifies how South African universities drive impactful, policy-relevant science.
The methodology was rigorous: Researchers purchased samples online from major retailers, focusing on affordable packs (R17-R32). Only the top sheet was shredded, extracted in methanol, and analyzed via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-MS/MS) for parabens/bisphenols and gas chromatography (GC-MS) for phthalates. Quality controls ensured accuracy, with recoveries of 68-77% and detection limits in ng/g (nanograms per gram).
Funded by the National Research Foundation (NRF) and UFS's Central Research Fund, the study highlights higher education's role in filling data gaps. For aspiring researchers, opportunities abound at institutions like UFS—check out higher ed research jobs to contribute to such vital work.
Detailed Findings: Prevalence and Concentrations
Every one of the 23 samples tested positive for multiple EDCs, shattering assumptions of product purity. Key statistics:
| Chemical Group | Sanitary Pads (DF %) | Concentrations (median ng/g) | Panty Liners (DF %) | Concentrations (median ng/g) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bisphenols (e.g., BPA up to 77 ng/g) | 100% | 63.31 (sum) | 75% | 66.68 (sum) |
| Parabens (MeP, PrP) | 85% | 6.42 (sum) | 75% | 12.98 (sum) |
| Phthalates (DBP up to 59 ng/g) | 50% | 47.76 (sum) | 100% | 104.16 (sum) |
Bisphenol A (BPA) dominated pads, while phthalates like di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) prevailed in liners. Even 'chemical-free' brands showed contamination, likely from global supply chains (manufactured in China, Egypt, etc.). Daily dermal exposure estimates exceeded tolerable limits for BPA by factors of dozens during menstruation.
Health Risks: From Fertility to Cancer
Phthalates reduce sperm quality and ovarian reserve; parabens promote estrogen-sensitive cancers; bisphenols alter puberty timing and increase endometriosis risk. In women, chronic exposure via mucosa heightens these effects, with studies linking EDCs to 20-30% fertility declines globally. South Africa's fertility rate (2.3 births/woman) masks underlying issues, but EDC accumulation could exacerbate PCOS (affecting 1 in 10 women) and thyroid disorders prevalent in iodine-deficient regions.
Prof. Visser warns: 'The heat-pressing process causes chemicals to migrate to the skin-contact layer,' amplifying absorption. Cumulative dosing over lifetimes poses intergenerational risks, including preterm births.
Photo by Pawel Czerwinski on Unsplash
Regulatory Landscape in South Africa: A Critical Gap
South African Bureau of Standards (SABS) SANS 1043 covers absorbency and microbiology but ignores chemical safety. No mandates for EDC disclosure in menstrual products, unlike BPA bans in baby bottles. The study's authors urge full ingredient lists and EDC limits, aligning with EU REACH standards.
UFS full study release calls for government intervention, echoing global pushes post-similar US/UK findings.
Reactions: Alarm, Debate, and Industry Response
Social media erupted, with X posts trending calls for bans and reusables. Manufacturers claim levels below safety thresholds, but critics demand transparency. News outlets like Mail & Guardian amplified the debate, sparking consumer switches.
- Public: #ToxicPadsSA gains traction, promoting local reusables.
- Experts: Aligns with global data; urges monitoring.
- Industry: Defends safety but faces scrutiny.
Safer Alternatives for South African Women
Opt for OEKO-TEX Standard 100 certified pads, verifying no harmful residues. Reusables—washable cloth pads—are ideal, reducing EDC exposure by 100% and waste. Local brands like Rea or Moon Pads offer affordable options (R200-500/set, lasting 5 years). UFS is prototyping antimicrobial reusables, blending innovation with accessibility.
Initiatives like career advice for researchers highlight paths to innovate in women's health.
UFS's Ongoing Innovations and Higher Ed Impact
UFS exemplifies South African higher education's pivot to applied research. The Chemistry Department's work positions it as a leader in environmental toxicology. For students, rate my professor reviews praise Prof. Visser's mentorship. This study boosts UFS's research profile, attracting NRF funding and global collaborations.
Explore South African university jobs or higher ed jobs to join such teams.
Global Context and Future Outlook
Similar studies in the US (2022) found dioxins/lead; EU pushes bans. South Africa's data fills African gaps. Future: Longitudinal exposure studies, policy reforms. UFS plans expanded testing.
Full peer-reviewed paper invites further inquiry.
Photo by Pawel Czerwinski on Unsplash
Actionable Insights for Consumers and Policymakers
Women: Audit labels, prioritize reusables. Policymakers: Enact EDC regs. Researchers: Build on UFS model. Visit higher ed career advice, higher ed jobs, university jobs, rate my professor for engagement.
