132-Million-Year-Old Dinosaur Footprints in South Africa's Brenton Formation: NMU Research Publication Breakthrough

The Landmark Discovery in South Africa's Western Cape

Researchers affiliated with Nelson Mandela University's African Centre for Coastal Palaeoscience have unveiled a groundbreaking find: over two dozen probable dinosaur footprints dating back approximately 132 million years to the Early Cretaceous period. These tracks, nestled within the Brenton Formation along a remote stretch of coastline near Knysna in the Western Cape province, represent the youngest known dinosaur tracks in southern Africa. Discovered in early 2025 by Linda Helm during a routine field visit, the site spans a modest area of just 40 meters in length and five meters in width, with low cliffs rising up to five meters from the shore. Situated in the modern intertidal zone, the tracks are periodically submerged by high tides twice daily, adding to the challenge and thrill of their documentation.

This discovery not only highlights the persistent dinosaur activity in the region long after the massive Jurassic volcanic events but also underscores the vital role of collaborative research between amateur enthusiasts and academic institutions like Nelson Mandela University. The Brenton Formation, part of the Cretaceous Uitenhage Group, preserves these ancient impressions in mudstone and siltstone layers, offering a snapshot of prehistoric life in what was once a dynamic estuarine environment.

Unpacking the Tracks: Types and Interpretations

The assemblage of tracks includes clear evidence of theropod dinosaurs—bipedal carnivores characterized by their three narrow-toed footprints—alongside possible impressions from ornithopods (plant-eating bipeds) and even sauropods (massive long-necked quadrupeds). Theropod tracks dominate, showing distinct digit impressions typical of meat-eaters that prowled the coastal mudflats. Distinguishing ornithopod from theropod tracks proves tricky due to morphological similarities, while sauropod tracks appear larger with subtler digit details, often visible in profile within the cliff faces or as pedestalled undertracks on surfaces.

Researchers conservatively document these without over-interpreting, emphasizing the abundance of tracks in such a confined space as indicative of a bustling dinosaur habitat. This cautious approach exemplifies rigorous ichnology—the scientific study of trace fossils like footprints—which relies on detailed morphological analysis, contextual geology, and comparative databases to infer trackmaker identities.

Geological Context: Bridging the 'Dark Period' in Southern African Dino History

Southern Africa's fossil record boasts abundant Mesozoic vertebrate tracks from the Karoo Basin, but a significant gap emerges post-182 million years ago. Cataclysmic lava flows from the Drakensberg Group blanketed much of the landscape, creating a perceived 'dark period' with scant dinosaur evidence during the Jurassic-Cretaceous transition. As Gondwana began fragmenting, limited terrestrial deposits formed in rift basins across the Western and Eastern Cape provinces.

The Brenton Formation tracks, dated to ~132 million years ago via stratigraphic correlation to Early Cretaceous rocks, shatter this void. They follow closely on 140-million-year-old tracks from the nearby Robberg Formation, both within the Uitenhage Group. This duo confirms dinosaur survival and diversification in coastal settings amid continental breakup, where tidal channels and point bars provided ideal soft substrates for footprint preservation.

The Research Team and Nelson Mandela University's Pivotal Role

Lead author Charles W. Helm, a research associate at the African Centre for Coastal Palaeoscience (ACCP) at Nelson Mandela University (NMU) in George, South Africa, spearheaded the study alongside colleagues Mark G. Dixon, Willo M. Stear, and Fred van Berkel—all ACCP affiliates. Helm also holds a position at Canada's Tumbler Ridge Museum, blending international expertise with local knowledge. NMU's ACCP specializes in coastal ichnology, having cataloged hundreds of Pleistocene track sites along the Cape south coast since 2008.

This publication exemplifies how South African higher education institutions foster cutting-edge palaeoscience. NMU's interdisciplinary centre integrates geology, biology, and anthropology, training the next generation of researchers through fieldwork and lab analysis. For aspiring palaeontologists, such centres offer hands-on opportunities that bridge academia and real-world discovery. Explore research jobs in palaeontology or higher ed jobs at institutions driving these advances.

Publication in the South African Journal of Science

The findings appeared in the prestigious South African Journal of Science on January 29, 2026 (Volume 122, Issue 1/2; DOI: 10.17159/sajs.2026/22809). This peer-reviewed outlet, a cornerstone of African scientific discourse, vetted the paper's methodology—from field mapping and photographic documentation to stratigraphic integration—ensuring robust evidence. The study avoids speculative taxonomy, prioritizing the tracks' stratigraphic novelty and preservation context.

Publishing here amplifies visibility for NMU's work, inviting global collaboration. For early-career researchers, SAJS represents a gateway to credibility, often leading to grants and lectureships. South African universities like Wits and UJ maintain strong palaeontology programs, producing alumni who staff research institutes worldwide.

Previous Discoveries and Building Evidence

This isn't NMU's first foray into Cape Cretaceous tracks. The 140 Ma Robberg Formation site, also Uitenhage Group, yielded sauropod and ornithopod impressions in estuarine sediments. Earlier, a 13-year-old Knysna schoolboy unearthed a theropod tooth from Brenton rocks in 2017, hinting at skeletal remains. Body fossils from Eastern Cape rift basins include stegosaurs, sauropods, and iguanodontids, but Western Cape yields are sparser—isolated sauropod teeth and bones until now.

• Karoo Basin: Pre-182 Ma Jurassic tracks abundant.
• Drakensberg lavas: ~182 Ma barrier.
• Uitenhage Group: Post-Jurassic rift fills with emerging Cretaceous evidence.
• Brenton/Robberg: Youngest tracks at 132-140 Ma.

Methodologies in Ichnological Research

Ichnology employs step-by-step protocols: site prospection in intertidal exposures, low-tide documentation via photogrammetry for 3D models, chalk outlining for visibility, and profile analysis for undertracks. Age assignment leverages biostratigraphy and radiometric ties to the Barremian stage (~132 Ma). Challenges include tidal erasure risks and ambiguous morphologies, addressed via comparative ichnofossil databases.

NMU's ACCP leverages drones and AI-assisted mapping, modernizing traditional fieldwork. These techniques empower students in geology and palaeontology degrees at SA universities, preparing them for higher ed career advice in research-intensive roles.

Implications for Dinosaur Evolution and Biodiversity

These tracks illuminate Early Cretaceous ecosystems: theropods hunting amid herbivore herds on mudflats, sauropods possibly wallowing. They affirm Gondwanan dinosaur persistence post-volcanism, paralleling South American records. Biodiversity hotspots in rift basins suggest adaptive radiation as Pangea fully split.

Broader impacts: refines global dinosaur distribution maps, informs extinction debates pre-66 Ma asteroid. For SA, bolsters heritage tourism and science education, with tracksites now protected.

Future Prospects: Where Next for Cape Palaeontology?

Researchers advocate systematic surveys of non-marine Cretaceous outcrops in Western and Eastern Cape, targeting vertebrates beyond dinosaurs. NMU plans expanded ACCP expeditions, potentially yielding skeletons. Collaborations with Wits University's Palaeontology Honours program or UJ's Palaeo-Research Institute could integrate fossil and track data.

Funding via NRF grants supports postdocs; check SA university jobs for openings. Emerging tech like AI track ID promises efficiency.

Photo by Lucas George Wendt on Unsplash

Careers in Palaeontology: Lessons from the Brenton Find

This discovery spotlights palaeontology careers at SA unis. NMU's ACCP hires research assistants; Wits offers BSc Honours in Palaeontology, UCT focuses sedimentology-palaeontology. Roles span lecturers, postdocs, field techs—salaries competitive, with fieldwork perks.

• Entry: BSc Geology/Biology.
• Masters/PhD: Specialize ichnology.
• Jobs: lecturer jobs, museum curators.

Indigenous knowledge integration, as at Wits, enriches studies. For advice, visit academic CV tips.

In summary, NMU's Brenton tracks redefine SA's dino history, fueling research. Engage via rate my professor, explore higher ed jobs, university jobs, or career advice. Share insights below!