Nelson Mandela University Researchers Uncover 132-Million-Year-Old Dinosaur Footprints on South Africa's Coast

A Groundbreaking Discovery on South Africa's Western Cape Coast

Fossil enthusiasts and researchers have unveiled a remarkable find: over two dozen dinosaur tracks dating back approximately 132 million years, nestled along the rugged coastline near Brenton-on-Sea, close to Knysna in South Africa's Western Cape province. 50 49 This discovery, detailed in a recent publication in the South African Journal of Science, represents the youngest known dinosaur footprints in southern Africa, shedding new light on a previously sparse period in the region's prehistoric record. 0

The tracks were spotted in early 2025 during a routine exploration of coastal aeolianites—ancient cemented sand dunes—by a dedicated team of ichnologists, specialists in studying fossil footprints. The site, a modest exposure no larger than 40 meters long and five meters wide, features low cliffs rising from the intertidal zone, where the ocean tides periodically reveal and conceal the ancient impressions. This ephemeral nature adds urgency to the documentation efforts, as high tides can scour the surfaces. 49

Such finds are pivotal for understanding dinosaur behavior and distribution during the early Cretaceous period, a time when the supercontinent Gondwana was fragmenting, giving rise to rift basins that preserved these rare traces. For aspiring paleontologists in South Africa, discoveries like this highlight the dynamic research opportunities at institutions driving scientific advancement.Explore research positions in this exciting field to contribute to future breakthroughs.

Unpacking the Brenton Formation: A Geological Treasure Trove

The dinosaur tracks are embedded within the Brenton Formation, part of the Cretaceous Uitenhage Group, a sequence of sedimentary rocks formed in rift basins as Africa began separating from other Gondwanan landmasses around 183 to 100 million years ago. 60 These formations consist of mudstones, siltstones, and sandstones deposited in estuarine and coastal environments, ideal for preserving footprints when mudflats were trodden by prehistoric creatures before rapid burial by sediments.

Visible both in cliff profiles and on intertidal surfaces as pedestalled tracks or undertracks, the impressions suggest dinosaurs navigated tidal channels, point bars, or even waded in muddy pools. The Brenton Formation's age is pegged at about 132 million years, placing it in the Valanginian to Barremian stages of the early Cretaceous—precisely dated through stratigraphic correlations with regional volcanic and sedimentary markers. 50

Prior to this, only one dinosaur bone—a fragment—had been reported from the Brenton Formation, making these tracks a significant ichnological (trace fossil) milestone. The Uitenhage Group's other units, like the Kirkwood Formation, have yielded scattered dinosaur remains, but tracks provide behavioral insights unattainable from bones alone. 64

Interpreting the Tracks: Theropods, Ornithopods, and Possible Sauropods

The assemblage includes clear theropod tracks—three-toed prints from bipedal carnivorous or omnivorous dinosaurs—alongside possible ornithopod impressions from plant-eating bipeds, and hints of sauropod tracks from massive, long-necked herbivores. Distinguishing these can be challenging, as soft sediment deformation blurs details, but morphological analysis points to a diverse group traversing the landscape. 50

• Theropod tracks: Narrow, tridactyl with sharp claws, suggesting agile predators or scavengers hunting along shorelines.
• Ornithopod possibilities: Broader toes indicative of duck-billed or iguana-toothed dinosaurs foraging in vegetated tidal zones.
• Sauropod hints: Larger, rounded prints potentially from quadrupedal giants, rare in coastal settings but implying nearby inland populations.

These interpretations draw from comparative ichnology, matching patterns to global Cretaceous trackways. For students in South African universities studying vertebrate paleontology, analyzing such sites hones skills in trace fossil identification—essential for careers in academia or museums. Learn how to build an academic CV tailored for paleo research roles.

Why 132 Million Years Matters: Bridging the Cretaceous Gap

Southern Africa's dinosaur record is dominated by Triassic and Jurassic tracks from the Karoo Basin, abruptly truncated around 182 million years ago by massive Drakensberg lava flows that buried vast inland areas. This created a 'dark period' with scant Cretaceous evidence, despite body fossils from eastern rift basins like a stegosaur, sauropods, and iguanodontids. 49

At 132 million years old, these Brenton tracks are 50 million years younger than Karoo Basin examples, confirming dinosaur persistence into the early Cretaceous. They join a 140-million-year-old site in the nearby Robberg Formation as the only other Western Cape dinosaur tracks, underscoring coastal preservation biases. 50

This timeline aligns with global shifts: sauropod dominance waning, ornithischians rising amid angiosperm evolution. Implications ripple to evolutionary biology, suggesting resilient local faunas adapted to rift-related climate changes.

The Research Powerhouse: Nelson Mandela University's Role

Leading the study are researchers from the African Centre for Coastal Palaeoscience at Nelson Mandela University (NMU) in George, South Africa: Charles W. Helm, Mark G. Dixon, Willo M. Stear, and Fred Van Berkel. NMU's George Campus specializes in coastal sciences, positioning it ideally for such fieldwork. 50

The centre's multidisciplinary approach integrates geology, biology, and ichnology, fostering collaborations that yield high-impact publications. This discovery exemplifies how South African higher education institutions drive global paleontology, training the next generation through hands-on expeditions. NMU's programs in earth sciences offer pathways for students passionate about fossils—check university opportunities in South Africa or lecturer positions to join such teams.

South Africa's paleontology landscape thrives at universities like Wits (Evolutionary Studies Institute) and UCT, but NMU's coastal focus uniquely uncovers shoreline stories. 95

Preservation Challenges and Conservation Efforts

Intertidal exposure poses risks: wave erosion, human trampling, and bioerosion threaten the tracks. Researchers lightly chalked outlines for photography, advocating non-invasive 3D modeling via photogrammetry for digital preservation. Climate change exacerbates coastal dynamics, urging site monitoring. 49

• Ephemeral visibility requires timed low-tide surveys.
• Public awareness prevents damage—similar to hominin tracksites nearby.
• Geoheritage status could protect the locality, boosting ecotourism and education.

For higher ed, this underscores the need for conservation-focused curricula. Aspiring profs can pursue faculty roles emphasizing sustainable paleo research.

Broader Implications for Dinosaur Evolution and Ecosystems

These tracks paint dinosaurs as coastal dwellers, exploiting mudflats teeming with invertebrates and early flowering plants. Theropods likely preyed on smaller fauna, while herbivores browsed ferns and cycads in a humid, rift-influenced climate. This diversity challenges notions of post-Jurassic decline in Gondwana. 48

Globally, similar tracks from matching African-South American sites highlight pre-drift connections. 47 In South Africa, it enriches narratives for K-12 and university outreach, inspiring STEM engagement.

Future Horizons: More Discoveries Await

The team calls for systematic surveys of Uitenhage Group exposures in Western and Eastern Cape, predicting more tracks and bones. Advances in AI-driven track identification could accelerate analyses. 50 81 NMU plans expanded fieldwork, potentially involving students in digs—ideal for research assistantships.

Long-term, this bolsters South Africa's paleo reputation, attracting funding and international partnerships for higher ed programs.

Photo by Andrew Sacriz on Unsplash

Engaging with Paleontology: Careers and Resources

This find spotlights paleontology careers: from field techs to profs, opportunities abound at SA unis. Browse higher ed jobs, rate faculty via Rate My Professor, or seek career advice. Explore the full SAJS paper or Phys.org coverage for deeper dives. 0

Whether you're a student or professional, these tracks remind us of science's power to connect past and present.