China's Pioneering Leap in Brain-Computer Interfaces: Tsinghua University's Key Role

Chinese researchers and universities have long been at the forefront of neurotechnology innovation, and a recent regulatory milestone underscores their leadership. On March 13, 2026, China's National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) granted commercial approval to the NEO brain-computer interface (BCI) system, developed through close collaboration between Shanghai-based Neuracle Medical Technology and Tsinghua University's biomedical engineering team. This invasive BCI, the world's first to receive such clearance for everyday use, enables patients with spinal cord injuries to control a robotic glove for hand grasping purely through thought. The breakthrough highlights how higher education institutions in China are driving practical applications from laboratory research to life-changing medical devices.

Understanding the NEO BCI System and Its Technology

The NEO BCI represents a semi-invasive approach to brain-computer interfacing. Unlike fully penetrating implants like those from Neuralink, it uses electrocorticography (ECoG) electrodes placed on the brain's dura mater—the outer membrane—avoiding direct cortical penetration to minimize risks such as inflammation or tissue damage. The coin-sized wireless implant captures high-resolution neural signals associated with intended hand movements. These signals are processed externally and translated into commands for a pneumatic robotic glove, which assists with grasping objects like cups or bottles.

Development stemmed from over a decade of research. Tsinghua professor Bo Hong, a leading expert in neural signal processing, guided the core algorithms for decoding motor intentions. His team at the Tsinghua Laboratory of Brain and Intelligence focused on intracranial EEG analysis, enabling precise, real-time control. The system's millimeter-level brain function localization, developed collaboratively, ensures stable signal transmission without invasive skull penetration beyond the implant site.

Tsinghua University's Contributions to BCI Research

Tsinghua University, one of China's top institutions for biomedical engineering, has been instrumental in advancing BCI technologies. Professor Bo Hong's group has published extensively on speech networks and motor control via intracranial EEG, laying the groundwork for NEO. Their work addresses key challenges like signal stability in chronic implants and adaptive decoding for paralyzed patients.

Under China's national "Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Project," launched in 2021 with billions in funding, Tsinghua received substantial grants. This initiative aims for breakthroughs in BCI by 2027, fostering university-industry partnerships. Bo Hong's team plans 30-50 implants in 2025 across 10 centers, scaling clinical validation while training the next generation of neuroengineers.

Statistics from Tsinghua indicate their BCI prototypes achieved over 85% accuracy in motor tasks during early trials, surpassing many international benchmarks. This positions Tsinghua not just as a researcher but as a hub for talent in neurotech, attracting PhD students and postdocs globally.

Clinical Trials and Real-World Patient Outcomes

The pivotal trial, NCT06990412, sponsored by Neuracle with collaborators including Fudan University's Huashan Hospital and Capital Medical University's Xuanwu Hospital, targets 32 patients aged 18-65 with tetraplegia from C3-C8 spinal injuries. Primary outcomes measure the Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) grasp response rate at three months post-implantation, alongside adverse event monitoring. Secondary metrics include quality of life improvements and device usage time.

The first Shanghai implant in December 2024 at Huashan Hospital involved 38-year-old patient Dong, paralyzed from a car accident. One month post-surgery, he grasped a water cup smoothly; after rehabilitation, accuracy reached 80-90% for holding bottles or apples. Discharged a week later, Dong exemplifies the system's potential to restore daily independence. No major adverse events reported, with impedance stable below 20 kΩ.

• Improved ARAT scores in grasping tasks
• Enhanced hand-to-mouth functionality
• High patient satisfaction in early feedback

China's National Push: The Brain Project and University Ecosystem

China's "China Brain Project" allocates over 10 billion yuan annually to neuroscience, prioritizing BCI for paralysis and beyond. Universities like Tsinghua, Fudan, and Peking University host dedicated labs, producing 40% of global BCI publications from China in 2025 per Scopus data. This ecosystem integrates research, trials, and commercialization, with Neuracle's founder Xu Honglai—a Tsinghua PhD alum—bridging academia and industry. Nature highlights China's advantages in patient access and regulatory speed.

Fudan University's involvement in the first implant underscores inter-university collaboration. Their Hongqiao campus facilitated precise neurosurgery, while Tsinghua engineers fine-tuned decoding algorithms remotely.

Photo by Zalfa Imani on Unsplash

Global Context: How China Leads in BCI Commercialization

While Neuralink implanted its 21st patient in 2026, it remains investigational. Synchron and Blackrock focus on stents or arrays without commercial clearance. China's NMPA fast-tracks via the "special review channel," enabling Neuracle's leap. By 2030, China aims for 2-3 global BCI leaders, backed by policies streamlining reimbursement.

University research fuels this: Tsinghua's neural decoding rivals Stanford's; Chinese Academy of Sciences trials interventional BCIs. A 2025 review in Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy notes China's 60% share of BCI clinical trials worldwide.

Challenges and Safety Considerations in University-Led BCI Development

Safety is paramount. NEO's epidural placement reduces infection risks versus intracortical arrays. Trials exclude ventilator-dependent patients or those with comorbidities. Long-term impedance monitoring ensures electrode viability.

• Potential risks: Surgical complications, signal drift
• Mitigations: Wireless design, adaptive algorithms from Tsinghua
• Ethical oversight: Multi-center IRBs at university hospitals

Tsinghua's Bo Hong emphasizes biocompatibility, with materials tested for 5+ years stability.

Implications for Higher Education and Research Careers in China

This approval boosts neurotech programs at Chinese universities. Tsinghua's biomedical engineering enrolls 500+ undergrads yearly, with BCI electives drawing international talent. Peking University Third Hospital and Xiangya Hospital (Central South University) collaborators offer PhD opportunities in neural prosthetics.

Careers flourish: Postdocs earn 300,000-500,000 RMB annually, with grants from NSFC. The Brain Project funds 100+ university labs, creating faculty positions in BCI signal processing and robotics. Ongoing trials provide hands-on research for students.

Future Outlook: Scaling BCI from Labs to Classrooms and Clinics

Tsinghua plans multi-center expansion, targeting 80% grasp success. Integration with exoskeletons for walking (Fudan's BSI) looms. Universities prepare curricula: Tsinghua's new BCI master's integrates AI and neuroscience.

Global impact: Chinese BCI exports could reach $1B by 2030, per MIIT forecasts. Students gain from partnerships with Neuracle, blending academia with startups.

Stakeholder Perspectives: From Patients to Policymakers

Patient Dong: "It feels natural, like my hands are back." Prof. Bo Hong: "University research must translate to patients quickly." Policymakers tout it as "self-reliance in core tech." Challenges remain: Affordability (est. 200,000 RMB), equity in rural access.

Photo by Jeanne Rose Gomez on Unsplash

• Benefits: Independence, rehab acceleration
• Risks: Long-term neural plasticity
• Solutions: University-led longitudinal studies

Actionable Insights for Researchers and Students

Aspiring neuroscientists: Pursue Tsinghua's BME PhD; focus on ECoG decoding. Institutions: Partner via NSFC grants. Timeline: Commercial rollout Q2 2026, trials expand 2027. This fusion of higher ed and innovation redefines paralysis treatment.