🎓 The Recent NIH Decision on Union Recognition

In a surprising turn of events announced on March 2, 2026, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) informed leaders of NIH Fellows United-United Auto Workers (UAW) that it would no longer recognize the union representing thousands of early-career researchers in its intramural laboratories. This decision comes just over a year after the union ratified its first collective bargaining agreement (CBA) in December 2024, marking a significant shift in the agency's stance toward labor organization among its trainees.

The NIH intramural research program (IRP), which conducts cutting-edge biomedical research directly within federal facilities, relies heavily on these early-career scientists. These individuals, often referred to as fellows or trainees, include postbaccalaureates, predoctoral students, postdoctoral researchers, and clinical fellows. They contribute vital work to NIH's 27 institutes and centers, advancing discoveries in areas like cancer, infectious diseases, and neuroscience.

NIH's email to union leadership stated that trainees in these programs are not considered 'employees' under federal labor law and that the union 'should never have been certified' by the Federal Labor Relations Authority (FLRA). The agency plans to petition the FLRA for decertification, challenging the 2023 certification that followed a vote where nearly 98% of eligible fellows supported unionization.

This development has sparked concern among the research community, particularly as it unfolds amid broader federal efforts to reevaluate union roles in government agencies. For early-career researchers navigating precarious training positions, the uncertainty raises questions about job security, benefits, and professional growth.

Background on NIH Intramural Training Programs

The NIH IRP stands as one of the world's foremost biomedical research environments, housing over 1,000 principal investigators and supporting thousands of trainees across campuses in Bethesda, Maryland; Frederick, Maryland; and Hamilton, Montana. Unlike extramural research, which funds grants to universities and other institutions, intramural work is congressionally appropriated and allows for high-risk, long-term projects.

Early-career researchers enter via structured programs designed to build skills:

• Postbaccalaureate Intramural Research Training Award (IRTA): For recent college graduates (typically with a bachelor's degree) seeking 1-2 years of lab experience before pursuing graduate or medical school.
• Predoctoral IRTA: For graduate students pausing PhD programs for intensive NIH lab immersion.
• Postdoctoral IRTA: For scientists post-PhD or MD, offering 2-5 years to transition to independence.
• Visiting Fellows (VRTA): International researchers on temporary visas.
• Clinical Fellows: Physicians gaining research experience during specialty training.

These positions provide stipends averaging $40,000-$70,000 annually (depending on experience), health insurance, and relocation support, but lack traditional employment perks like tenure or guaranteed raises. Prior to unionization, stipends followed a fixed scale with limited negotiation room.

With approximately 5,000 fellows comprising a significant portion of the IRP workforce, their contributions are indispensable. Disruptions here could ripple through federal labs, affecting project continuity and talent pipelines.

The Path to Union Formation

The push for unionization began in 2023 amid a national wave of graduate worker organizing at universities. NIH fellows, inspired by successes at private institutions under National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) rulings, sought similar protections. In June 2023, they submitted authorization cards to the FLRA, the federal equivalent overseeing public sector unions.

NIH initially contested the effort, arguing trainees' educational focus disqualified them as employees. However, the agency withdrew opposition, allowing a vote. Results were overwhelming: 98% in favor, certifying NIH Fellows United-UAW as the first trainee union in federal history by December 2023.

Bargaining ensued, culminating in a CBA ratified in December 2024. Key gains included standardized raises, enhanced health coverage, paid leave expansions, professional development stipends, and workplace safety protocols. For context, pre-union stipends lagged behind inflation, and health benefits varied by institute.Visit the NIH Fellows United website for historical updates.

This milestone empowered fellows to address issues like stipend adequacy, mental health support, and equitable treatment across demographics.

NIH's Rationale and Legal Arguments

NIH's reversal echoes long-standing debates on trainee status. The agency posits that fellows participate in 'training programs' rather than employment, akin to student apprenticeships. Federal law (5 U.S.C. Chapter 71) defines bargaining units as agency employees, excluding those whose work is primarily educational.

Spokesperson statements emphasize no comment on active matters, but the email reviewed by outlets like Science and NOTUS highlights the FLRA certification as erroneous. This aligns with precedents where courts have scrutinized graduate unions at public universities.

Critics note NIH's prior acquiescence undermines consistency, potentially signaling political influences under the current administration.

Photo by Fotos on Unsplash

Union and Researcher Responses

Union leaders swiftly rallied members, declaring the contract 'still in effect' and NIH's move 'illegal evasion.' They pledged multifaceted defense: legal challenges via UAW resources, political advocacy, and member mobilization. 'We will fight with the full strength of our membership,' read their March 3 communique.

Individual voices reflect anxiety. Bella Radant, a predoctoral fellow, highlighted risks to healthcare and anti-discrimination protections: 'I'm too far into my PhD to leave, but now without safeguards.' Labor expert Joseph McCartin warned of precedents for other 'fellow'-status workers.

On platforms like X (formerly Twitter), #NIHFellowsUnited trends with support from academic societies, decrying impacts on diversity and morale.

Impacts on Early-Career Researchers

Losing union protections could revert stipends to pre-2024 levels, eroding purchasing power amid 2026's 3-5% inflation. Health plans might fragment, leave policies laxen, and grievance mechanisms vanish.

Key losses include:

• Guaranteed annual raises tied to experience.
• Expanded family/medical leave.
• Mandatory diversity training and harassment reporting.
• Funding for conferences and skill-building.

Vulnerable groups—international fellows, underrepresented minorities, LGBTQ+ researchers—face heightened precarity. Retention may drop, as NIH competes with university postdocs offering unionized stability.

Effects on Federal Labs and Research Continuity

NIH IRP generates breakthroughs like mRNA vaccines and CRISPR therapies. Fellows drive 70-80% of lab output, per estimates. Morale dips could spur exodus, straining PIs (principal investigators) who mentor 5-10 trainees each.

Federal labs beyond NIH, like those under DOE or USDA, watch closely. If FLRA upholds derecognition, similar trainee unions elsewhere may falter, homogenizing precarious conditions.

Positive note: NIH's robust stipends ($65,000+ for postdocs) and prestige endure, potentially mitigating flight.

Broader Federal Union Landscape

This fits Trump administration patterns: a 2025 executive order curtailed bargaining for 'national security' roles; HHS derecognized unions at CDC, FDA in August 2025. Over 100,000 federal workers affected, per reports.

Proponents argue streamlining aids mission focus; opponents decry eroded rights. For science, balance is key—protections foster innovation without bureaucracy.

Photo by Fotos on Unsplash

Actionable Advice for Affected Researchers

While awaiting FLRA resolution (potentially months), strategize:

• Document everything: Track communications, workloads for potential grievances.
• Leverage networks: Join professional societies like AAAS for advocacy.
• Explore alternatives: Consider postdoc openings at universities or industry research roles via AcademicJobs.com.
• Build resilience: Update CVs with free templates; seek mentorship.
• Voice experiences: Share on Rate My Professor or forums.

Diversifying paths strengthens careers—many NIH alumni thrive in academia, pharma, policy.

Looking Ahead: Opportunities Amid Uncertainty

The saga underscores tensions between training and employment. Resolutions may redefine federal trainee rights, benefiting labs long-term. Researchers, check higher ed jobs, career advice, and university positions for stability. Share insights in comments, explore professor ratings, and post openings at AcademicJobs recruitment. With adaptability, this challenge becomes a pivot to broader impact.