A groundbreaking study from King's College London has ignited excitement in the higher education and research communities across Europe, revealing that space-based solar power (SBSP) could dramatically transform the continent's path to net-zero emissions. Led by Professor Wei He from the Department of Engineering, the research demonstrates how satellites equipped with solar panels in orbit could supply up to 80% of Europe's renewable energy needs by 2050, slashing reliance on land-intensive wind and solar farms while cutting overall power system costs by 7-15%.

This analysis marks the first detailed assessment of SBSP's integration into Europe's high-resolution power grid model, offering academics, policymakers, and energy researchers a compelling case for investing in orbital technologies. As universities like King's College London push the boundaries of engineering and sustainability research, such findings underscore the pivotal role of higher education in solving pressing climate challenges.

What is Space-Based Solar Power?

Space-based solar power, or SBSP, refers to large-scale solar photovoltaic arrays deployed in geostationary orbit, where sunlight is available nearly continuously without atmospheric interference, clouds, or night cycles. These satellites collect solar energy and beam it back to Earth as microwaves or lasers to ground-based rectennas—rectifying antennas that convert the beamed energy into electricity for the grid.

Unlike terrestrial solar panels, which achieve capacity factors of 15-30%, SBSP systems like NASA's proposed RD1 heliostat design boast 99.7% availability. The heliostat configuration uses mirrors to concentrate sunlight onto a central receiver, maximizing efficiency. This near-baseload renewable source could complement intermittent wind and solar, providing stable power 24/7, resilient to natural disasters like floods or earthquakes that plague ground installations.

In the context of European higher education, SBSP research draws on interdisciplinary expertise from engineering departments at institutions such as King's College London, Imperial College London, and collaborations with international partners like Xi'an Jiaotong University. Students and faculty are exploring wireless power transmission, orbital assembly, and grid integration, fostering PhD opportunities in sustainable energy engineering.

The Innovative Methodology of the KCL Study

Researchers employed PyPSA-Eur, an open-source, high-resolution capacity-expansion and dispatch model simulating Europe's 2050 power system across 37 nodes covering 33 countries. This tool optimizes generation, storage, and transmission to meet ENTSO-E demand at 3-hour resolution, minimizing annualized costs.

Two NASA 2050 designs were tested: the low-TRL (Technology Readiness Level) heliostat RD1 (267.87 EUR/kW-year fixed cost) and higher-TRL planar RD2 (396.59 EUR/kW-year). Scenarios varied renewable opportunity costs (low, medium, high), with sensitivity analyses on SBSP pricing (±65%). Validation against 2020 data ensured accuracy, revealing SBSP's viability only post-2050 cost reductions.

This rigorous approach highlights the value of computational modeling in university research, where tools like PyPSA enable scalable simulations. King's College London's engineering faculty exemplifies how academic innovation drives policy-relevant insights, training the next generation of energy modelers.

Key Findings: Dramatic Reductions in Renewables and Storage

The study's standout result: SBSP heliostat design offsets up to 80% of wind and solar capacity in optimal 2050 mixes, reducing wind generation by ~50% and solar by 70-80%. Battery storage drops over 70% (78% annually), though hydrogen expands for seasonal balance.

System-wide savings reach 15% (35.9 billion euros/year), including 31-70% less long-distance DC transmission. At costs 3x terrestrial solar PV, savings hit 52%. Planar designs lag economically. These figures position SBSP as a game-changer for land-scarce Europe, freeing vast areas for agriculture or biodiversity.

• SBSP capacity: 300-350 GW near-constant supply.
• Land savings: Implicit via 80% renewable offset.
• 384% higher energy yield per m² vs. terrestrial solar.

European universities are at the forefront, with KCL's work inspiring curricula in aerospace engineering and renewables.

Implications for Europe's Net-Zero Transition

Europe's REPowerEU plan targets 600 GW solar and 300 GW wind by 2030, but land constraints and intermittency hinder progress. SBSP addresses this by providing dispatchable power, easing grid upgrades and reducing gas peaker reliance.The full study projects accelerated decarbonization, aligning with EU Green Deal goals.

For higher education, this opens research funding via Horizon Europe and ERC grants. Universities like Delft Technical University and ETH Zurich are modeling SBSP grid impacts, while KCL's findings boost PhD intakes in sustainable engineering.

ESA's SOLARIS: Europe's Flagship SBSP Initiative

The European Space Agency's SOLARIS program, launched in 2022, is driving SBSP feasibility with €100m+ investments. Phases include technology maturation (wireless power beaming, lightweight PV), aiming for 2030s orbital demo delivering MW-scale power.

Partners include Thales Alenia Space, Airbus, and universities like University of Liverpool. KCL's study complements SOLARIS by quantifying grid benefits, urging academia-industry ties for rectenna development and safety standards.

UK Leadership and University Collaborations

The UK Space Energy Initiative and Space Solar Ltd plan a 2030 GW-scale demo, with government reports eyeing competitiveness by 2040. Universities like Imperial and Queen's Belfast contribute to wireless transmission R&D.

King's College London's role exemplifies cross-Channel collaboration, with Prof. He advocating multinational rectenna sites. Research jobs abound in orbital robotics and beam safety at unis like Surrey and Southampton.

Challenges Facing SBSP Deployment

Despite promise, hurdles persist: launch costs (though falling with Starship), orbital debris, microwave safety (birds, aviation), and regulatory frameworks. The study notes unmodeled risks like beaming variability.

Academics debate lifecycle emissions from launches and maintenance. European unis are tackling these via ESA studies on in-orbit assembly and debris mitigation, vital for safe scaling.

Stakeholder Perspectives from the Academic Community

Prof. Wei He emphasizes: "SBSP's vast potential could pivot Europe's transition." Peers at Oxford and Cambridge echo support, citing SBSP's role in energy security amid geopolitical tensions.

Critics like PV Magazine commenters question distractions from terrestrial solar, but KCL counters with land complementarity.

Future Outlook: Opportunities for Higher Ed Researchers

By 2030, ESA envisions prototypes; 2050 full deployment if costs drop. Universities must ramp up talent in photonics, AI dispatch, and policy. KCL's study signals booming jobs in research positions across Europe.

Actionable insights: Pursue ERC grants, collaborate via ESA, model local grids. SBSP positions higher ed as net-zero vanguard.

Photo by Connor Wang on Unsplash