Insights from a Landmark Scoping Review

A thorough scoping review examining literature from 2010 to 2024 identified 54 key articles on risky social media challenges. It found that 89 percent discussed injuries, with specific cases showing 33 percent resulting in death, 29 percent in permanent harm, and 67 percent requiring emergency care. Burns topped the injury list at 48 percent, followed by poisoning and lung issues. Adolescents aged 12 to 17 were the most affected group, accounting for 74 percent of discussions, though children under 12 and adults were also involved.

YouTube dominated as the primary platform at 52 percent, with TikTok close behind at 32 percent. The review, led by experts at Nationwide Children’s Hospital and The Ohio State University, underscores the need for better interventions beyond mere awareness.

The Top 10 Riskiest Challenges According to Research

Based on the prevalence in scholarly articles, here are the top 10 social media challenges posing lethal risks. Each has documented cases of tragedy, emphasizing why caution is essential.

• Cinnamon Challenge: Participants attempt to swallow a full tablespoon of dry cinnamon without water or liquid. The powder clogs airways, leading to choking, aspiration pneumonia, and collapsed lungs. Research notes it as the most reported at 33 percent, with permanent respiratory damage common.
• Fire Challenge: Involves dousing the body in flammable liquid like alcohol and igniting it briefly for a video effect. Second-degree and third-degree burns are frequent, with 24 percent prevalence; some cases require skin grafts or result in fatalities from infection or shock.
• Blackout or Choking Challenge: Holding breath or using hands, belts, or bags to restrict oxygen until passing out. Linked to 20 percent of reports, it causes brain damage from hypoxia; multiple child deaths worldwide highlight its deadliness.
• Salt and Ice Challenge: Pressing salt-sprinkled ice to skin, creating chemical burns resembling frostbite. At 20 percent, it leads to blistering, scarring, and nerve damage lasting months.
• Tide Pod Challenge: Biting into laundry detergent pods, mistaking them for candy. Poisoning from surfactants causes vomiting, burns in the throat, and organ failure; 19 percent of studies cover it.
• Benadryl Challenge: Consuming excessive diphenhydramine for hallucinations. Overdose triggers seizures, heart arrhythmias, and coma; associated with several teen deaths.
• Eraser Challenge: Repeatedly erasing skin on the arm until raw and bleeding. Causes deep abrasions and infections; 13 percent prevalence.
• Nutmeg Challenge: Ingesting large amounts of nutmeg for a high. Leads to nausea, seizures, and dehydration; 9 percent of cases.
• Deodorant Challenge: Spraying aerosol deodorant into the mouth or on skin for burns. Inhalation risks respiratory failure; same 9 percent rate.
• Orbeez Challenge: Swallowing or inserting expanding water beads into body orifices. Blocks intestines or airways; emerging at 7 percent but rising.

⚠️ Demographics and Platform Dynamics

Challenges disproportionately affect teens due to peer pressure and underdeveloped prefrontal cortexes, which govern impulse control. Platforms amplify risks by recommending content based on views, creating echo chambers of danger. Global cases span continents, from U.S. schools to European playgrounds.

For deeper insights into these patterns, explore this comprehensive scoping review by Ohio State University researchers.

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Brain Science Behind Teen Participation: FIU Findings

Florida International University (FIU) researchers explain why teens flock to these trends. The adolescent brain's reward centers activate strongly with social approval, like high like counts, overriding caution. A study showed peer-endorsed risky photos light up pleasure pathways more than safe ones.

Influencers with millions of followers exacerbate this, modeling behaviors from alcohol dares to extreme stunts. FIU advises parents to discuss rewards offline, like sports achievements, and co-create media plans limiting screen time.

Perceptions and Broader Impacts: Massey University Research

At Massey University in New Zealand, Dr. Victoria Nazari's PhD delved into perceptions across groups—from participants using challenges for coping to journalists moralizing them. Findings reveal emotional coercion and platform algorithms as culprits, not just individual folly. Adults participate too, challenging the child-only narrative.

The study calls for collective responsibility, critiquing bans as ineffective against gamified feeds. Learn more via Massey University's summary.

Recent Trends and ER Burdens in 2025-2026

Even in 2026, challenges persist. A safety analysis reported over 100 child deaths and thousands of emergency visits from trends like microwaving toys or Gorilla Glue mishaps. Costs per case hit $80,000-$100,000, straining families as insurers deem them preventable.

Hotter variants, like One Chip with ultra-spicy peppers, caused a teen's death from throat swelling. Hospitals note spikes in burns, poisonings, and fractures tied to viral videos.

Higher Education's Role in Mitigation

Universities lead research and education. Campuses issue warnings, integrate digital literacy into curricula, and study long-term effects. Programs at institutions like FIU teach critical thinking, helping students spot manipulative algorithms. Faculty publish on prevention, advocating platform accountability.

Student wellness centers monitor trends, offering counseling for social media pressures. Collaborative efforts with platforms aim for better content moderation.

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Proposed Solutions and Future Outlook

Reviews recommend multifaceted approaches: parental education (57 percent of suggestions), platform redesigns like warning labels, and legislation for age verification. Schools can foster media literacy, teaching risk assessment.

Looking ahead, AI moderation may flag dangers preemptively, but user empowerment remains key. Balanced use—curated feeds, time limits—can harness social media's positives without the perils. Researchers predict declining fatalities with awareness, but vigilance is crucial as new platforms emerge.

For FIU's parental strategies, visit their research overview.