A groundbreaking study from Monash University's HER Centre Australia has uncovered striking insights into how hormonal changes uniquely affect women living with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). For the first time, researchers have systematically explored self-reported experiences of ADHD symptoms across key hormonal life stages, revealing that nearly all participants—97.5 percent—perceived a worsening of their symptoms during menopause and perimenopause. This first-of-its-kind research highlights the critical intersection of neurodevelopmental conditions and reproductive health transitions, shedding light on why many women encounter intensified challenges during midlife.

Conducted by PhD student Elyssa Osianlis under the supervision of Associate Professor Caroline Gurvich, the study involved an online survey of 600 women previously diagnosed with ADHD. Participants reported on inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity symptoms during phases like the menstrual cycle, postpartum period, pregnancy, and menopause transition. The findings not only validate long-held anecdotal reports but also underscore systemic underdiagnosis in females, where traditional diagnostic criteria—often modeled on male presentations—fall short.

The Hidden Toll of Hormonal Shifts on ADHD

ADHD, characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with daily functioning, affects approximately 533,300 adults in Australia. While historically viewed as predominantly a childhood disorder in boys, emerging evidence points to significant prevalence in women, often masked by internalized symptoms like chronic disorganization or emotional dysregulation rather than overt hyperactivity.

Hormonal fluctuations play a pivotal role. Estrogen, which modulates dopamine—a neurotransmitter central to ADHD regulation—ebbs and flows throughout a woman's life. During perimenopause, the transitional phase typically starting in the mid-40s and lasting 4 to 8 years, estrogen levels become erratic before declining sharply. This volatility disrupts prefrontal cortex function, exacerbating executive dysfunction hallmarks of ADHD such as poor working memory, time blindness, and impulse control issues.

The Monash study quantified this: 97.5 percent of postmenopausal participants noted symptom aggravation, far surpassing other stages. Postpartum worsening affected 70.4 percent, while 88.6 percent of premenopausal women described menstrual cycle variations, peaking in the luteal phase when progesterone dominates. These patterns align with dopamine's sensitivity to sex steroids, where lower estrogen correlates with diminished reward processing and heightened inattention.

Methodology: Capturing Real-World Experiences

From June to November 2023, researchers at Monash's School of Translational Medicine recruited women via online ADHD communities and clinics. Eligibility required a formal ADHD diagnosis and current symptoms. Validated tools like the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) assessed severity, alongside Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21) for comorbidities.

Participants self-reported perceived changes across stages: pre-pubertal, menstrual cycle phases (follicular, ovulatory, luteal), pregnancy trimesters, postpartum (up to 12 months), perimenopause, and postmenopause. Cross-sectional ASRS scores showed consistent severity, but retrospective perceptions highlighted exacerbations during low-estrogen periods. Limitations include self-report bias and lack of objective measures, yet the large sample provides robust preliminary data warranting longitudinal follow-up.

This rigorous approach, led by the HER Centre—a hub for hormone-related mental health research—demonstrates Monash's commitment to addressing gender gaps in psychiatry.

Perimenopause: The Perfect Storm for ADHD Symptoms

Perimenopause marks estrogen's unpredictable decline, often accompanied by vasomotor symptoms, sleep disruption, and mood swings. For women with ADHD, this amplifies cognitive fog, forgetfulness, and emotional volatility. The study found overwhelming consensus on symptom intensification, with participants describing 'brain fog' as debilitating, hindering work, relationships, and self-care.

Australian data contextualizes the scale: with menopause average age at 51, millions navigate this amid undiagnosed ADHD. Comorbidities like anxiety (prevalent in 50-70 percent of ADHD women) compound risks, potentially misattributed to 'menopausal mood swings.'

Real-world examples abound. One participant noted, 'Perimenopause turned my manageable ADHD into chaos—deadlines slipped, arguments escalated.' Such narratives echo global reports, but Monash's data uniquely spotlights Australia.

Beyond Menopause: Postpartum and Cycle Insights

The survey extended to other phases. Postpartum estrogen crash post-placenta expulsion mirrors perimenopausal drops, explaining 70 percent worsening—intensified by sleep deprivation and new-mother demands. Pregnancy showed mixed reports, with some stability during high-estrogen second trimester.

• Menstrual luteal phase: Progesterone surge dulls dopamine, worsening focus for 88 percent.
• Follicular phase: Rising estrogen aids symptoms temporarily.

These cycle-linked patterns suggest tracking via apps could personalize management, a practical takeaway from Monash's work.

Photo by Nico Smit on Unsplash

Monash's HER Centre: Pioneering Women's Brain Health

HER Centre Australia, established 2022 at Monash, integrates neuroscience, endocrinology, and psychiatry to probe hormone-brain interactions. Gurvich, deputy director, emphasizes, 'Sex-based differences in ADHD suggest hormonal influences; our study shows females experience unique fluctuations.' Osianlis adds, 'ADHD persists into adulthood, yet females are underdiagnosed—our data challenges this.'

Funded by NHMRC and Monash, HER's portfolio includes menopause cognition studies, positioning the university as a leader in translational women's health research.

Implications for Diagnosis and Clinical Practice

Underdiagnosis stems from female ADHD's subtlety—internal restlessness over external hyperactivity. Australian GP Dr. David Chapman notes hormonal screening could unmask cases: 'Perimenopause unmasks ADHD; routine assessment is key.'

Treatment: Stimulants like methylphenidate remain first-line, but dose adjustments for phases. Non-pharma: CBT, mindfulness, hormone therapy trials. Monash advocates integrated care models.

In Australia, ADHD services lag for adults, especially women. This study bolsters calls for PBS subsidies expansion and specialist training.

Australian Context: Rising ADHD Awareness Amid Challenges

Australia sees ADHD diagnoses doubling in women 23-49, per UQ research. Yet, 6-10 percent prevalence masks gaps—rural access poor, waitlists years-long. Unis like Monash drive policy via Senate inquiries on menopause.

Monash's role exemplifies higher ed's societal impact: training clinicians, disseminating via podcasts/webinars.

Global Echoes and Future Directions

Aligns with KCL (menopausal difficulties rise with ADHD traits) and Icelandic data (54 percent ADHD women vs 30 percent controls severe perimenopause). Future: Longitudinal cohorts, biomarkers, RCTs for hormone-ADHD interventions.

Monash plans Phase II with objective cognition tests. Funding via MRFF critical for scaling.

Stakeholder Perspectives: From Researchers to Women

Women hail validation: 'Finally, science sees our struggle.' Clinicians urge screening; policymakers eye workforce impacts—ADHD costs billions in productivity.

Monash fosters multi-stakeholder forums, enhancing research translation.

Photo by Iliya Jokic on Unsplash

Monash's Broader Contributions to Women's Health Research

HER Centre's ecosystem: Vasomotor symptom studies (40 percent untreated), sexual dysfunction midlife. Positions Monash top for translational psychiatry.

Career opportunities abound in research assistantships, postdocs—key for aspiring academics.

Outlook: Transforming Care Through Evidence

Monash's study catalyzes change: Personalized, hormone-aware ADHD care. Australian unis must prioritize funding, training. For women, empowerment via awareness promises better outcomes.

For details, explore the full paper. Monash continues leading, bridging lab to lives.