Sports acoustics: Impact sound in cricket, golf, baseball and tennis

About the Project

Supervisory Team: Dr. Giacomo Squicciarini, prof. Tim Waters and Dr. Michal Kalkowski

This project examines how impact sounds in cricket, golf, and tennis reveal the physics and performance quality of each strike. Through acoustic analysis, physics based models, and machine learning, it aims to reveal the information hidden in these acoustic signals.

Cricket players instantly recognize the sound of a “sweetly struck” shot, and golfers know what type of impact-sound signals a perfect strike. Athletes use acoustic hints to judge shot quality and ball speed long before they see the result: in some cases, it is a crisp “click” in others a powerful resonant “thud”. It seems to always work, but we have not yet unlocked the science and the full data hidden in those sounds.

This project investigates what that sound is really telling us, specifically how acoustic signatures relate to metrics like impact mechanics and ball trajectory. By integrating advanced sound data analysis with physics-based modelling and machine learning, this research aims to quantify the information an experienced ear already picks up to reveal exactly what makes a shot "good." The project addresses the challenge of extracting high-fidelity performance data from ball–equipment impacts across cricket, baseball, golf, and tennis.

Using controlled experiments and in-game data, you'll validate acoustic models against tracking measurements to develop robust and generalizable performance indicators. These outcomes aim to bridge the gap between elite data and accessible, low-cost coaching tools for grassroots environments. A standout feature is the direct collaboration with Hawk-Eye Innovations, a global leader in sports vision and tracking technology. You will benefit from industrial placements at Hawk-Eye, gaining hands-on experience with world-leading tracking systems. This partnership offers unique training at the intersection of sports engineering, data science, and acoustics.

You'll have the opportunity to enrol in taught modules covering acoustics, dynamics, vibration, and machine learning. Furthermore, you can access bespoke training on specific technical topics relevant to your research.

Entry requirements

You must have a UK 2:1 honours degree, or its international equivalent, in one of the following:

• engineering
• physics
• maths
• computer science
• a related scientific discipline

You should also demonstrate initiative in problem‑solving, curiosity and passion for science, and the ability to work effectively in a team.

Fees and funding

This project is partially sponsored by Hawk-Eye Innovations, a global leader in sports vision and tracking technology

We also offer a range of funding opportunities for both UK and international students. Horizon Europe fee waivers automatically cover the difference between overseas and UK fees for qualifying students.

Competition-based Presidential Bursaries from the University cover the difference between overseas and UK fees for top-ranked applicants.

Competition-based studentships offered by our schools typically cover UK-level tuition fees and a stipend for living costs for top-ranked applicants.

Funding will be awarded on a rolling basis, so apply early for the best opportunity to be considered.

For more information, please visit our postgraduate research funding pages.

How to apply

Apply now

You need to:

• choose programme type (Research), 2026/27, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences
• select Full time or Part time
• search for programme PhD Engineering & the Environment (7175)
• add name of the supervisor in section 2 of the application

Applications should include:

• your CV (resumé)
• 2 academic references
• degree transcripts and certificates to date
• English language qualification (if applicable)