Researchers at Khalifa University of Science and Technology in Abu Dhabi have made a groundbreaking advancement in sustainable construction materials with their development of a bio-derived graphene derivative known as Date Syrup Graphene Sand Hybrid, or D-GSH. This innovative additive, synthesized from locally abundant waste date syrup and dune sand, promises to revolutionize cement mortar by significantly enhancing its mechanical properties and durability. Published in the prestigious journal Construction and Building Materials in 2025, the study demonstrates how D-GSH can boost compressive strength by up to 55 percent at optimal dosages, addressing key challenges in the UAE's construction sector where extreme desert conditions demand resilient building materials.

The research, led by Mohammad Zuaiter alongside professors Rashid K. Abu Al-Rub, Fawzi Banat, and Tae Yeon Kim, highlights Khalifa University's commitment to tackling real-world problems through cutting-edge nanotechnology. Cement mortar, a fundamental component in masonry and repair works, often suffers from brittleness, low tensile strength, and poor resistance to environmental degradation. Traditional graphene derivatives like graphene oxide (GO) and graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) offer improvements but are plagued by high production costs and limited scalability. D-GSH emerges as a game-changer by leveraging UAE's agricultural waste—date syrup from the region's prolific date palm industry—and vast dune sand reserves, making it economically viable and environmentally friendly.

Challenges in Conventional Cement Mortar and the Promise of Nanomaterials

Cement mortar, typically composed of Portland cement, sand, and water, serves as the binding agent in bricklaying, plastering, and concrete repairs. However, its performance is limited by inherent microcracks, high porosity, and vulnerability to water ingress, which accelerate degradation in harsh climates like the UAE's, characterized by high temperatures, humidity fluctuations, and saline exposure. Step-by-step, hydration of cement forms calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gel, the primary strength-giving phase, but incomplete hydration leads to porous structures prone to chloride penetration and sulfate attack.

Nanomaterials such as graphene derivatives address these issues by acting as nanofillers. Graphene, a single layer of carbon atoms in a hexagonal lattice, possesses exceptional tensile strength (130 GPa), thermal conductivity, and impermeability. When incorporated into cement matrices, it bridges cracks, nucleates hydration products, and refines pore structures. Yet, conventional synthesis methods—chemical vapor deposition or Hummers' method for GO—are energy-intensive and produce hazardous byproducts. Khalifa University's team innovated by pyrolyzing date syrup (rich in carbohydrates) with dune sand to create graphene-like coatings, yielding D-GSH at a fraction of the cost.

Innovating D-GSH: A Sustainable Synthesis from Local Resources

The synthesis process begins with mixing waste date syrup, a byproduct of UAE's date processing industry producing over 1.5 million tons annually, with fine dune sand prevalent in the Empty Quarter. Under controlled pyrolysis at high temperatures, the syrup's carbon precursors graphitize onto sand particles, forming a hybrid nanomaterial. This green method avoids toxic chemicals, reduces energy use by 70 percent compared to standard graphene production, and utilizes zero-value waste, aligning with UAE's Vision 2031 for circular economy in construction.

D-GSH particles feature graphene nanosheets anchored to sand grains, providing both nano-reinforcement and micro-filler effects. Unlike pure graphene, which tends to agglomerate, the sand hybridization ensures uniform dispersion in cement slurries. The team's prior work confirmed D-GSH's biocompatibility and stability, paving the way for this mortar application.

Experimental Methodology: Rigorous Testing Protocols

Cement mortars were prepared with a standard 1:3 cement-to-sand ratio and water-to-cement ratio of 0.5. D-GSH dosages ranged from 0.25% to 1.0% by cement weight. Fresh properties like flowability (ASTM C1437) and density were measured immediately post-mixing. Hardened samples cured for 28 days underwent compressive (ASTM C109), flexural (ASTM C348), and axial tests. Durability assessed via water absorption (ASTM C642), porosity via mercury intrusion porosimetry, and coefficient of water absorption.

• Flow table test: Assessed workability.
• Mechanical testing: Universal testing machine at 0.5 mm/min loading rate.
• Microstructural: XRD for phase identification, FTIR for chemical bonds, SEM for morphology, TGA for thermal stability.

This comprehensive approach ensured reliable data, with triplicates minimizing variability.

Mechanical Performance Boost: Strength Gains Quantified

At 0.75% D-GSH, compressive strength surged 55% to over 50 MPa, surpassing plain mortar's 32 MPa. Flexural strength peaked at 1.0% dosage, increasing 40% due to crack-bridging. Modulus of elasticity rose 45%, indicating stiffer matrices less prone to deformation. Early-age strength (7 days) showed slight delays at higher dosages, attributed to water adsorption by hydroxyl groups on D-GSH, but 28-day gains compensated fully.

These enhancements stem from D-GSH's high surface area (200 m²/g) accelerating pozzolanic reactions and load transfer.

Photo by Bhavya Patel on Unsplash

Durability Revolution: Impermeability and Longevity

Water absorption dropped 60% at 0.75% D-GSH, porosity reduced from 18% to 9%, and sorption coefficient halved. This tortuous pore network impedes ingress of aggressive ions, vital for UAE's coastal structures facing chloride attack. In sulfate-rich soils, D-GSH-modified mortars showed 30% less expansion, per preliminary tests. For full study, visit the original publication.

Microstructural Insights: Denser, Flower-Like Hydration Products

SEM revealed denser interfacial transition zones with flower-like C-S-H formations unique to D-GSH mixes, absent in controls. XRD showed accelerated C3S depletion and portlandite formation by day 7. FTIR confirmed strengthened Si-O and C-O bonds. TGA indicated 15% more bound water, evidencing refined hydration.

These nano-scale interactions—nucleation seeding and bridging—transform mortar from brittle to ductile.

UAE Construction Implications: Desert-Adapted Innovation

UAE's construction boom, with AED 500 billion annual investments, demands sustainable materials amid sand scarcity and carbon goals. D-GSH uses local dune sand (replacing 20% aggregates) and date waste, cutting imports and emissions. For 3D-printed structures, recent Khalifa studies show improved extrudability and anisotropy reduction. Aligned with UAE Net Zero 2050, it supports Masdar City's green builds. More on UAE research careers at Khalifa University.

Sustainability and Cost-Effectiveness: Economic Modeling

Production costs under $5/kg vs $100/kg for GO. Life-cycle analysis projects 30% CO2 savings via durable mixes needing less repairs. Scalable via UAE's date industry (world's top producer), it fosters circular economy. Stakeholder views: Industry partners praise viability; experts note need for field trials.

Future Directions: 3D Printing and Geopolymer Extensions

Ongoing Khalifa research explores D-GSH in 3D concrete printing, geopolymers, and self-healing mortars. Collaborations with ADNOC aim at oilfield applications. Timeline: Pilot projects 2026, commercialization 2028.

Photo by Jimmy Phillips on Unsplash

Khalifa University's Role in UAE Higher Education Innovation

As UAE's research powerhouse (QS top 200), Khalifa drives national priorities in advanced materials. This study exemplifies multidisciplinary integration—chemical engineering, civil, nanotech—training PhDs for industry. Implications: Boosts UAE's R&D GDP share to 3% by 2030.

In summary, Khalifa University's D-GSH innovation positions UAE at forefront of green construction, blending local resources with global tech for resilient infrastructure.