Transformative Agreements in Brazil: Advance or Dependency for Publications?

Transformative agreements represent a pivotal shift in scholarly publishing, particularly for countries like Brazil with ambitious open access goals. These pacts between consortia, institutions, and publishers merge traditional subscription fees with article processing charges (APCs), enabling a gradual transition to open access (OA) models. In essence, they allow researchers to read subscription content while publishing new articles openly without paying APCs out-of-pocket. For Brazilian academics, this means greater international visibility without financial barriers, but it also sparks debate over long-term sustainability and independence. 101 29

What Are Transformative Agreements? A Step-by-Step Breakdown

At their core, transformative agreements (TAs), also known as read-and-publish deals, evolved from hybrid journals where authors pay APCs for OA while others subscribe. Here's how they work:

• Negotiation Phase: Consortia like Brazil's CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior) bargain with publishers such as Springer Nature, Wiley, or Elsevier for bundled access.
• Funding Allocation: A fixed fee covers reading rights plus a quota or unlimited OA publications for affiliated authors.
• Publication Process: Corresponding authors from eligible institutions select OA, and the publisher waives APCs (typically US$3,000–11,000).
• Transition Goal: Over time, subscriptions phase out, aiming for full Gold OA, though critics argue this takes decades.

This model promises equity but hinges on transparent pricing and equitable quotas. 101

Brazil's Open Access Legacy: SciELO's Diamond Model

Brazil has long championed OA through SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online), launched in 1997 by FAPESP and BIREME. Unlike commercial models, SciELO's diamond OA—free to read and publish—hosts over 1,600 journals from 13 countries, mostly Latin American. Producing a high-quality article costs just US$300–400, versus thousands elsewhere. SciELO powers 95% of APC-free journals in the region, fostering sovereignty in scientific communication. 101

This infrastructure supports Brazilian researchers at universities nationwide, aligning with public policies prioritizing national journals. Yet, pressures from global metrics like Qualis (CAPES' journal ranking) push toward high-impact foreign venues.

CAPES Enters the Fray: Key Transformative Agreements in 2025–2026

Since 2024, CAPES has accelerated TAs, investing over US$43 million annually across 430+ institutions. Highlights include:

• Springer Nature (2026–2028): Unlimited OA in hybrid journals for 400+ institutions, projecting 6,000 articles yearly.
• IEEE (2025–2027): OA in 200+ journals for 163 institutions.
• Wiley, Elsevier, ACM: Similar read-and-publish deals covering thousands of titles.

These enable federal universities—CAPES' primary beneficiaries—to compete globally without APC burdens. 100 81

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Advantages: Elevating Brazilian Research Visibility

Proponents, including CAPES' OA Working Group, hail TAs as a pragmatic bridge. Young researchers, often grantless, gain OA in prestigious journals, boosting citations and careers. Brazil, producing over half of Latin America's output, sees enhanced global impact—vital for funding and collaborations. Agreements consolidate costs, curbing inflation seen in pure APC models. In Sweden's post-cancellation survey, 38% viewed blackouts positively, suggesting alternatives exist but TAs ease transitions. 101

For academics eyeing advancement, platforms like Rate My Professor highlight peers thriving via OA.

Criticisms: The Risk of Commercial Dependency

Detractors warn of 'double dipping': paying for subscriptions plus OA in hybrids, inflating publisher profits (Elsevier 38%, Springer 27%). cOAlition S halted TA support post-2024, estimating 70 years to full OA. In Brazil, US$43 million flows to oligopolies, sidelining SciELO. Hierarchical access favors elite institutions, while Qualis biases exacerbate brain drain from local journals. SciELO's Abel Packer questions: Why pay thousands when diamond costs US$300–400? 101

Global Case Studies: Lessons for Brazil

Germany's DEAL cut Elsevier costs 40% post-blackout. MIT saved US$2M/year by walking away, prioritizing values. France's CNRS canceled Scopus/Web of Science, redirecting to OpenAlex. UC system's 2021 deal shared costs. These show bargaining power but highlight disruptions—Sweden's 54% affected researchers. Brazil could emulate time-bound contracts with reductions. 101

Stakeholder Voices: From CAPES to Researchers

CAPES views TAs as transitional amid APC woes. Researchers value visibility; SciELO pushes diamond investment. Internationally, CNRS' Alain Schuhl decries metric tyranny. cOAlition S backs SciELO-like models. Brazil's 1,200 DORA signatories urge reform, but no agency buy-in yet. 101

Career advice at Higher Ed Career Advice emphasizes diverse publishing strategies.

Numbers Tell the Story: Costs, Outputs, Trends

Brazil lags DORA adherence, risking metric pitfalls. 101

Future Directions: Sustainable Paths Ahead

Experts advocate time-limited TAs with caps, Qualis overhaul for diamond OA, and APC redirection to SciELO. Adopting DORA, preprints, and regional alliances like AmeliCA/Redalyc could ensure sovereignty. Brazil's OA leadership positions it to innovate, balancing global reach with local strength.

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As Brazilian publications navigate this debate, TAs offer short-term gains but demand strategic oversight to avoid dependency. Researchers, institutions, and policymakers must collaborate for an equitable OA future, leveraging SciELO's strengths. Stay informed and advance your career with resources like higher ed jobs and career advice.