Agent Orange Exposure Linked to 30% Higher Acral Melanoma Risk in US Veterans: JAMA Dermatology Study

Breakthrough Findings from the JAMA Dermatology Study

A groundbreaking study published in JAMA Dermatology on February 4, 2026, has revealed a significant association between Agent Orange exposure and an increased risk of acral melanoma among US veterans. This case-control analysis, drawing from Veterans Affairs (VA) health records spanning 2000 to 2024, examined nearly 8,000 veterans and found that those with documented exposure to the herbicide had approximately 30% higher odds of developing acral melanoma compared to both healthy controls and veterans with more common cutaneous melanoma.6618 Led by researchers from institutions like the University of Pittsburgh, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Brown University, the study underscores the long-term health legacy of Vietnam War-era chemical exposures.

The research matched 1,292 acral melanoma cases to 5,168 non-melanoma controls and 5,144 cutaneous melanoma controls, adjusting for factors like age, sex, race, comorbidities, and dermatology visit frequency. Agent Orange exposure emerged as a key risk factor, with adjusted odds ratios (AOR) of 1.27 versus no-melanoma controls (95% CI, 1.04-1.56) and 1.31 versus cutaneous melanoma controls (95% CI, 1.06-1.62).66 This marks the first robust link between the herbicide and this rare melanoma subtype, prompting calls for enhanced screening in at-risk veteran populations.

Defining Acral Melanoma: A Distinct and Aggressive Subtype

Acral melanoma (AM), also known as acral lentiginous melanoma, is a rare form of skin cancer that develops on the palms of the hands, soles of the feet, and under the nails—sites not typically exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Unlike cutaneous melanoma (CM), which arises on sun-exposed skin and accounts for the majority of cases, AM represents just 1-3% of all melanomas in the US, with an incidence of about 2 per million person-years overall but higher rates among Black, Hispanic, and Asian populations (up to 70% of melanomas in these groups).107106

AM often evades early detection due to its location, leading to thicker tumors at diagnosis and poorer prognosis. Five-year melanoma-specific survival rates for AM hover around 70-80%, compared to over 90% for localized CM. In veterans, where mechanical trauma from boots or gloves may play a role, the disease presents unique challenges.105 The study highlights nail involvement as a common feature, emphasizing the need for vigilant foot and hand examinations.

Agent Orange: Historical Context and Exposure Pathways

During the Vietnam War (1962-1971), the US military sprayed over 18 million gallons of herbicides, including Agent Orange, across 3.6 million acres to defoliate jungles and destroy crops. Agent Orange, a mixture of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), was contaminated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), a potent dioxin carcinogen.65

Of the 2.6-4.3 million US personnel who served in Vietnam, many were exposed via aircraft loading, field contact, ingestion of contaminated food/water, or skin absorption. VA records document exposure for a significant portion, though self-reported rates vary. TCDD persists in the environment and body fat, with half-lives of years to decades, explaining delayed health effects in aging veterans now in their 70s and 80s.86

Study Methodology: Rigorous Analysis of VA Data

Researchers utilized the VA Cancer Registry and natural language processing on pathology reports to identify 1,292 confirmed AM cases (median age 70 years, 94% male). Cases were matched 1:4 to controls by diagnosis year and visit frequency, excluding those with other rare melanomas. Exposures assessed included demographics, comorbidities (via NCI index), smoking, alcohol use (AUDIT-C), BMI, prior skin conditions, photosensitizing drugs, and AOE from VA records.

Conditional logistic regression yielded precise AORs, confirming AOE's independent association. Subgroup analyses for Vietnam-era veterans and palmoplantar/subungual sites reinforced findings. This large-scale, matched design minimizes biases common in veteran studies.66

Additional Risk Factors Identified in Veterans

• Demographics: Older age at diagnosis; Black race associated with higher odds versus controls.
• Smoking: Current smoking linked to lower AM odds (AOR 0.50 vs no-melanoma, 0.65 vs CM), possibly due to inverse associations or survival bias.
• Prior Skin Conditions: Keratinocyte carcinoma (KC) and actinic keratosis (AK) increased odds vs no-melanoma but decreased vs CM, reflecting UV history differences.
• Nevi: Prior nevi raised odds vs no-melanoma controls.

These factors position AM as mechanistically distinct from UV-driven CM.66

Mechanisms: How TCDD May Drive Acral Melanoma

TCDD binds the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), disrupting cell proliferation, apoptosis, and inflammation—pathways implicated in melanomagenesis. Unlike UV-induced CM mutations (e.g., BRAF), AM shows KIT, NRAS alterations, potentially exacerbated by dioxin’s mitochondrial effects and tumor promotion. Animal studies confirm TCDD’s carcinogenicity; human data links high exposures to sarcomas, lymphomas. This study suggests non-genotoxic promotion for AM.68

Implications for Veterans: Screening, Benefits, and VA Response

With millions of Vietnam veterans aging, this finding urges targeted screening for palms/soles/nails in those with documented AOE. VA does not list melanoma as presumptive for AO (unlike chloracne, prostate cancer), requiring case-by-case service connection. However, studies like this bolster claims. VA Research highlights it as novel, alongside AO-Parkinson’s links.5477

Experts like Rebecca Hartman (Brigham and Women’s) stress early detection: “AM’s poor prognosis demands identifying high-risk patients.” Marc Hurlbert (Melanoma Research Alliance) calls for investment in veteran-focused research.

Challenges in Diagnosis and Prognosis

AM’s insidious growth delays diagnosis; 5-year survival ~75% females, 65-70% males vs CM’s 90%+. Stage-for-stage similar, but advanced presentation worsens outcomes. Veterans’ comorbidities compound risks. Advances in immunotherapy (e.g., checkpoint inhibitors) show promise, but AM responds less than CM.104

The Broader Legacy of Agent Orange in Veteran Health

Beyond AM, AO links to 15+ presumptive conditions: prostate cancer, type 2 diabetes, Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Recent VA studies tie it to Parkinson’s, hypertension (PACT Act). Over 300,000 US vets affected long-term; Vietnamese impacts vast. University-VA collaborations drive evidence.55

Academic Research Driving Veteran Care Advances

Universities play pivotal roles: Pitt, Harvard affiliates, Brown led this study via VA-MAVERIC. Such partnerships yield actionable insights, training dermatology researchers. Explore higher ed research jobs or academic CV tips for contributing to veteran health studies.

Prevention, Screening, and Future Directions

Actionable steps: Annual skin checks for AO-exposed vets, focusing acral sites; self-exams; report changes promptly. Further research: Prospective cohorts, TCDD mechanisms, herbicide comparisons. Trials for AM therapies vital. As veterans enter academia or seek higher ed jobs, awareness empowers.

In summary, this JAMA study illuminates AO’s melanoma shadow, urging vigilance and research. Check Rate My Professor for derm experts; pursue higher ed jobs in oncology; access career advice. For veterans: Prioritize health—early detection saves lives.