Mass General Study Identifies Toxic Proteins as Primary Drivers of ALS and FTD Neurodegeneration

Breakthrough Findings from Mass General Brigham Reshape Understanding of ALS and FTD Pathology

A groundbreaking study from researchers at Massachusetts General Hospital, affiliated with Harvard Medical School, has pinpointed toxic dipeptide repeat proteins (DPRs) as the primary drivers of neurodegeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), rather than the previously suspected repeat-containing RNAs. This discovery, published in the prestigious journal Science on February 5, 2026, challenges long-held assumptions and opens new avenues for therapeutic development targeting repeat-associated non-AUG (RAN) translation. 72 73

ALS, also known as Lou Gehrig's disease, progressively destroys motor neurons, leading to muscle weakness, paralysis, and eventual respiratory failure, affecting approximately 30,000 people in the United States at any given time. FTD, the most common dementia for those under 65, impairs behavior, personality, language, and executive function. Up to 10-15% of ALS cases and 25-40% of FTD cases share genetic links, with the C9ORF72 hexanucleotide repeat expansion being the most prevalent mutation, accounting for about 40% of familial ALS and 10% of sporadic cases in the U.S.

Decoding the C9ORF72 Mutation: From Genetic Repeat to Cellular Chaos

The C9ORF72 gene, located on chromosome 9, normally produces a protein essential for neuronal function and autophagy. In affected individuals, a GGGGCC (G₄C₂) repeat expansion in the non-coding intronic region leads to abnormally long sequences—often hundreds to thousands of repeats. These repeats are bidirectionally transcribed into sense and antisense RNAs, forming nuclear foci that sequester RNA-binding proteins, disrupting splicing and nucleocytoplasmic transport.

Additionally, these repeat RNAs undergo RAN translation, producing five arginine-rich DPRs: poly-glycine-alanine (GA), poly-glycine-proline (GP), poly-glycine-arginine (GR), poly-proline-arginine (PR), and poly-proline-alanine (PA). Arginine-containing DPRs (GR and PR) are particularly toxic, inducing nucleolar stress, impairing translation, activating STING-mediated neuroinflammation, and promoting TDP-43 pathology—a hallmark of 97% of ALS and 50% of FTD cases. 50

The Long-Standing Debate: RNA Foci or DPR Toxicity?

Prior research debated whether RNA foci or DPRs were culpable. RNA foci disrupt nuclear functions, but DPRs directly impair proteostasis, mitochondrial function, and membrane integrity. Animal models expressing repeat RNAs showed mild phenotypes, while DPR injections recapitulated severe toxicity. Yet, definitive separation was elusive until now. 71

Lead investigator Xin Jiang, PhD, from the Clotilde Lagier-Tourenne lab at the Healey & AMG Center for ALS, employed CRISPR-Cas9 to mutate a conserved CUG codon upstream of the repeat to CCG. This single nucleotide change halted DPR initiation across all reading frames without altering RNA levels or foci formation.

Innovative Methods: Precision Editing in Mouse Models and Human iPSCs

In AAV-transduced mice expressing 66 or 150 G₄C₂ repeats, the edit blocked DPR production. Behavioral tests revealed rescued motor coordination, grip strength, and cognitive function. Pathologically, motor neuron survival improved, phosphorylated TDP-43 inclusions vanished, STING activation ceased, neuroinflammation resolved, and plasma neurofilament light chain (NfL)—a neurodegeneration biomarker—normalized.

Patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) neurons from C9ORF72 carriers mirrored these results: base editing reduced DPRs, restored transcriptomics, neurite density, nuclear pore integrity, and survival. RNA foci persisted, confirming DPR primacy. 72

Clotilde Lagier-Tourenne, MD, PhD, emphasized, "Determining if these abnormal products contribute to disease is crucial for effective therapies."

Resounding Results: Complete Phenotypic Rescue Validates DPR Targeting

• Motor and cognitive deficits fully reversed in mice.
• No motor neuron loss or TDP-43 aggregation.
• STING pathway and inflammation suppressed.
• NfL levels normalized, indicating halted neurodegeneration.
• iPSC neurons showed improved survival and molecular health.

These outcomes underscore DPRs as actionable targets, bypassing RNA complexities. 73

Therapeutic Horizons: RAN Translation Inhibitors on the Rise

The study advocates RAN translation blockers over RNA-lowering approaches, which faced setbacks like tominersen's discontinuation. Potential modalities include ASOs, small molecules modulating initiation, or base editors. Preclinical RAN inhibitors exist; clinical translation could accelerate via Mass General's Healey ALS Platform Trial, testing multiple agents efficiently. 70

Read the full Science paper for detailed methodologies.

U.S. Universities Leading ALS/FTD Research Charge

Mass General/Harvard pioneers join forces at Northwestern (TDP-43 brake disruption), Stanford (TDP-43 diagnostics), Washington University (SOD1 trimers), and Penn State (SOD1 toxicity). The NIH-funded ALS Association and Target ALS fund DPR-focused initiatives. PREVENT ALS at Mass General identifies pre-symptomatic carriers for trials. 42 44

For aspiring researchers, explore higher ed research jobs in neurodegeneration.

Clinical Trials and Patient Impact: Hope for C9ORF72 Carriers

The Healey Platform Trial at Mass General tests 7+ regimens, including genetic therapies. Metformin (NCT04220021) reduces RAN proteins in C9-ALS/FTD. DPR antibodies and STING inhibitors advance preclinical stages. Early intervention could alter trajectories for 5,000+ U.S. C9ORF72 patients.

Stakeholders like the ALS Association hail the shift: "Emerging research sheds light on genetic mutations." 34

Visit the Healey Center for trial info.

Challenges, Perspectives, and Future Outlook

Challenges persist: DPR heterogeneity, delivery across blood-brain barrier. Multi-stakeholder views—patients seek cures, researchers prioritize biomarkers, pharma eyes scalability. Future: AI-aided DPR design, combination therapies. By 2030, RAN inhibitors may enter Phase II.

Rate professors leading ALS research via Rate My Professor.

Photo by Brett Jordan on Unsplash

Careers in ALS/FTD Research: Opportunities at Top U.S. Institutions

Universities like Harvard drive innovation; seek faculty positions, postdoc roles, or career advice. Explore university jobs in neurology.

Check higher ed jobs for openings.